delivered the opinion of the court.
This case might be affirmed for non-compliance with the rule requiring a complete abstract. Were it not for the statement of counsel for appellant in his brief, we would be at a loss to know from the abstract what parties were sued in the first place, for what they were sued, or what judgment was rendered or who appealed. Errors in the abstract are also pointed out by appellee, but having corrected them in his brief and not relying upon them, they will be considered as waived.
Appellant assigns as errors the instructions given for appellee; the refusal of instructions asked by appellant and the modification of such of appellant’s instructions as were given; the rejection of testimony offered by appellant; and that the evidence does not support the verdict. Without noticing these assignments in detail the opinion of the court, taken as a whole, will pass upon them.
Appellant insists that there can- be no recovery under the statute against both husband and wife for family expenses unless the articles were purchased for family use and were used in the family. He contends that although apparently purchased for family use and supposed by the seller to be sold for such use, yet if they were not in fact purchased for such use and were not so used, that no recovery can be had under the statute against both husband and wife.
The cases cited by appellant, when considered in reference to the facts involved in them respectively, do not bear upon the important question in the case at bar. In Schlesinger v. Mayer, 30 Ill. App. 253, the parties had not been living together for months. The court- held that there could be no recovery unless the family relation existed. In Hudson v. King Bros., 23 Ill. App. 118, although the husband had been absent frequently for long spaces of time, the court held that the family relation still existed. In Von Platen v. Krieger, 11 Ill. App. 627, the court discusses what are and what are not family expenses.
In Hudson v. Sholem & Sons, 65 Ill. App. 64, the husband and wife were not living together when the goods were purchased, nor Were they delivered at what had been the former family residen ge. The opinion also states that the evidence strongly tends to show that the seller had knowledge of the' domestic disagreement and that notice had been given that the husband would not be responsible for the wife’s debts. It also appears that the main insistence of the seller in this case was that express authority had been given to the wife to contract. Under these facts, the statement by the court that “ if the goods were purchased in contemplation of a separation, and for the personal use of the. wife, then their cost was not to be regarded as expenses of the family ” was not pertinent or necessary to the decision of the case.
In Smedley v. Felt, 41 Iowa, 591, the only question at •issue was whether a piano came within the scope of family expenses. Fitzgerald v. McCarty, 55 Iowa, 702, was a suit upon a book account against the husband, and the wife was joined in the suit upon the ground that part of the goods sold were family expenses. They were living together as a family, and the question to be determined was not whether there was any joint liability, but it was to determine for what specific articles a joint liability existed.
None of these cases touch the question of joint liability in a case where, in contemplation of a future separation, a husband or a wife purchases articles suitable and apparently for family use, which are delivered at the family residence on the very day of separation, by the seller, in good faith, and without any knowledge of a family disagreement or a contemplated separation.
It is certainly not necessary, as stated in comment in Fitzgerald v. McCarty, supra, that the articles should be actually used in the family, as the word “ used ” is commonly applied. A furnace might be purchased in September for use in the cold weather of the coming winter; a chamber might be furnished with bed and bedding for occupancy when required; a box of medicines might be bought for sudden emergencies. It is not reasonable to say that the fire must be kindled in the furnace, a, sleeper must occupy the bed or an invalid take the medicine, before these articles can be classed as family expenses. It is a legal use, as contemplated by the statute, when they are in the family for actual use when required. If, then, the stoves, etc., sold, were purchased while the family relation existed, and for use in the family, the mere fact that fires were not kindled in them before suit was brought to recover their price, would not preclude a recovery as “ family expenses.”
The graver question presented in the case at bar is this : Can a seller recover as family expenses when he sells in good faith to husband or wife, living together as a family, and delivers, the goods at the family residence on the very day of separation, the seller being ignorant of any contemplated separation, while the buyer purchases in view of a separation. An answer to this question involves the consideration of the relation of husband and wife under the statute to those selling either of them, articles suitable for family expenses. In such case the statute enters into and forms part of the contract of sale. It is said in Hudson v. Sholem & Sons, supra, “ the statute merely imposes a liability upon the wife by which she may be held jointly with her husband who otherwise alone would be responsible.” It is also stated inferentially, that the common law rule as to the power of the wife to bind the husband for necessaries, is not changed by the statute.
Both these propositions are to be read with reference to the facts in the case in which they were written. At common law the wife could bind the husband for necessaries only as express' authority was given her, or as authority could be implied from the husband’s neglect to furnish articles suitable to her station in life, which said articles were considered and treated in law as necessaries. “Family expenses,” under the statute, embrace much more than “ necessaries ” under the common law. Fitzgerald v. McCarty, supra; Smedley v. Felt, 41 Iowa, 588; Hudson v. King Bros., 23 Ill. App. 118; Illingsworth v. Burley, 38 Ill. App. 394; Head v. Harding, 166 Ill. 360.
If the wife, then, can purchase articles that are family expenses and yet are not necessaries at common law, and bind both husband and wife for their payment, her authority to bind the husband to this extent is as much greater under the statute than at common law, as the phrase “ family expenses,” is broader than “ necessaries.” That she can bind the husband for “ family expenses ” under the statute we think is clear. It is said in Frost v. Parker, 65 Iowa, 178, “ The right declared is, that the creditor of the husband or wife for family expenses may have a remedy against both.” Cited in Myers v. Field, 146 Ill. 56. In Hoyle v. Warfield, 28 Ill. App. 628, it is said, “Under the provisions of this section we think it makes no difference to Avhich of the parties the credit is given; they are both liable.” The statute makes both husband and wife liable, jointly or severally, for family expenses, without limiting the right to either to incur them. The courts have no authority to declare a limitation that the statute does not impose. To give such a construction to the statute would be to make the wife jointly liable with the husband for family expenses, whether necessary expenses or not, while for family expenses incurred by the wife which are not necessary expenses, the husband would not be liable. We think, then, that under this statute the authority of husband or wife to bind both for family expenses is the same, and that it has no relation to, and is not to be considered in connection with, the - common law as to necessaries. If this is true, then each is the agent to bind the other or to bind both for such expenses by virtue of the family relation existing by reason of marriage.
This being the law, who shall suffer when the husband or wife, the family relation existing, purchases goods ostensibly for family use and adapted to such use, although then contemplating a separation, from a seller who, in good faith, sells and delivers the goods purchased at the family residence with no knowledge of any contemplated separation ? A presumption exists in favor of the continuance of the family relation. The statute enters into and forms a part of the contract of sale. By virtue of the marriage relation each holds the other out to the world as an agent to incur family expenses for which both are liable. If a fraud is practiced by the agent both on the seller and upon the other member of the married family, the seller, as an innocent party, is not the innocent party who should suffer. The loss, if any, should fall upon the one holding out the agent who perpetrates the fraud.
Under the facts, then, in this case, we think appellee is entitled to recover against both husband and wife.
We see no error in the rejection of the testimony of Eagan. His relation to Winkelmann was such as to render the communication between Winkelmann and appellee privileged and exempt from disclosure. Judgment affirmed.