The city of Madison brought an action before the mayor of that city against Samuel E. Hatcher for an alleged violation of one of the city ordinances. The cause of action filed in the suit was as follows:
“The city of Madison, plaintiff, complains of Samuel E. Hatcher, defendant, of a plea of debt, for that heretofore, to wit, on the 28th of August, 1843, at and within the corporate limits of the city of Madison, the said defendant did, in a rude, insolent, and angry manner, unlawfully touch, *342beat, bruise, and wound one Edward C. Otter, contrary to ordinance of said city; and therefore said city says that an -action has accrued to her to recover of and from said defendant not exceeding twenty dollars.”
Hatcher entered his appearance for trial without process, and the mayor rendered judgment that he was “guilty as charged, and that the city of Madison recover of the said defendant the sum of twenty dollars fine,” &c.
Afterwards, on the 2nd of October, 1843, this cause came up in the Jefferson Circuit Court on appeal, and on the motion of Hatcher the suit was dismissed.
One of the reasons assigned for the dismissal of the suit was, that the mayor had no jurisdiction to try the cause and render such a judgment.
The suit was founded upon an ordinance passed by the common-council, entitled “An ordinance fixing penalties for the violation of good order in the city of Madison,” which reads as follows: “Be it ordained by the common-council of the city of Madison, that the following penalties shall be recovered by the city from any and every person who shall be found guilty of any of 'the several offences against the morals, peace, and good order of the inhabitants of the city of Madison; that is to say, for an assault and battery not exceeding twenty dollars,” &c.
The city was empowered by its charter “ to ordain, establish, and put in execution such orders, by-laws, and regulations” as should be deemed necessary for its good government, and not inconsistent with the constitution and laws of the state.
The 61st section of the city charter constitutes the mayor, ex officio, a justice of the peace, and provides that within the city “he shall exercise civil and criminal jurisdiction in all cases in the same manner and to the same extent as justices of the peace in their respective townships.” The statute in force regulating the jurisdiction of justices of the peace provided, that in cases of assault and battery, affrays, &c., they should- have power to assess a fine not exceeding twenty dollars. It is contended, however, that the statute conferring this jurisdiction is unconstitutional, as being in contravention of the 5th and 12th sections of the 1st article of the constitution of the state. These sections read as follows:
*343“ Sect. 5. That in all civil cases, where the value in controversy shall exceed the sum of twenty dollars, and in criminal cases, except in petit misdemeanors, which shall be punished by fine only, not exceeding three dollars, in such manner as the legislature may prescribe by law, the right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate.”
“Sect. 12. That no person arrested, or confined in jail, shall be treated with unnecessary rigor, or be put to answer any criminal charge, but by presentment, indictment, or impeachment.”
So far as regards prosecutions for such offences under the laws of the state before justices of the peace, w'e do not think that either of these sections is violated by the statute in question. The extended jurisdiction of the magistrate is for the benefit of the accused person, who may thus, if he chooses, have the charges against him disposed of without further delay and increase of costs. It is expressly provided in the statute conferring such jurisdiction, that “such cases shall be tried by the justice or by a jury as the defendant may elect,” and that such defendant may, if he prefer it, “be recognized to appear and answer to the charge before the next Circuit Court.” The defendant is not, in'such cases, deprived of his right of trial by jury, nor is he required to answer such charge without presentment or indictment, except at his own choice.
But it is said in reference to the latter point, that even the consent of the accused could not give the magistrate jurisdiction to try the case, in the absence of a presentment or indictment. Certainly, it corlld not, if such trial was prohibited by the constitution, but we do not think it is. The 12th section was manifestly intended to protect individuals from arbitrary and oppressive prosecutions by persons in authority. In favour of the accused it should be construed liberally; and a statute enabling him to dispense with onerous and expensive formalities in the minor classes of criminal offences, at his own choice, is certainly not inconsistent with the spirit and intent of this constitutional provision.
This case was not, however, a prosecution under the statutes of the state; and though the action was brought before an officer having the jurisdiction of a justice of the peace, it *344was brought in such a shape that the defendant was debarred from the optidnary privilege provided by the statute above quoted, of requiring a presentment or indictment to be found against him before he should be compelled to answer the charge. A distinction is attempted to be drawn between prosecutions under the criminal laws of the state and actions of this character, by saying that the legislature and the councils of cities may each, in their own proper sphere, punish crimes by fines and other penalties. But if we could even avoid the objection, that this doctrine would put the defendant in jeopardy twice for the same offence, it seems impossible to maintain it in this case without violating the prohibition contained in the 12th section of the constitution before quoted. That section positively and unequivocally prohibits any person being put to answer a criminal charge except by presentment, indictment, or impeachment. The 5th section authorizes the punishment of petit misdemeanors by fine only, not exceeding three dollars, in such manner as the legislature may direct; and taking both sections together, the term “ criminal charge,” as used in the 12th section, must be understood to apply to all other criminal offences made indictable by the laws of the state.
T. L. Sullivan and M.. G. Bright, for the plaintiff. J. G. Marshall and J. D. Glass, for the defendant.We are, therefore, of opinion that this action cannot be sustained without an infringement both of the letter and spirit of the constitution; for a power which could not be exercised under the general laws of the state, certainly ought not to be under the charter and ordinances of a municipal corporation which derives all its authority from those laws. .
Perkins, J., was absent. Per Curiam.-The judgment is affirmed with costs.