This was an action by Holley and the heirs of Hyde, against the appellants, for the recovery of a tract *4of land. Verdict and judgment for the plaintiffs below. Exceptions were taken, on the trial, to the rulings of the Court upon the reception of evidence; upon the subject of instructions to the jury; and in refusing a new trial.
The plaintiffs, to make out title, offered in evidence a patent from the United States, dated in 1824, to Kellog, for the land in controversy. They also offered a deed, upon the back of said patent, from Kellog to Hyde and Holley, dated the 16th day of February, 1827, which purports to have been executed in the presence of witnesses; and there is, also indorsed, a certificate of acknowledgment of the same, by said Kellog, made before a commissioner to take the acknowledgments of deeds, in and for the city and county of New York, state of New York. This deed was not recorded; and it was objected to for the alleged reason that it was not acknowledged or recorded. It was admitted as evidence. Was the ruling correct?
The R. S. of 1824, pp. 333, 335, upon the subject of the acknowledgment and recording of deeds, was in force at the date of this deed. That provides (§8), that all deeds executed within this state shall be acknowledged or proved before the recorder of the proper county, or a judge of the Supreme or Circuit Court, or justice of the peace of the county, and shall be recorded within twelve months; and if not recorded, &c., it shall be adjudged fraudulent and void against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagor for valuable consideration. Section 13 provides, that deeds made by non-residents of the state, and acknowledged before a judge or justice of the county where executed, and certified under the seal of such county, shall be as valid as if made< in this state, &c.
The recording of deeds, &c., is a statutory means of giving notice to subsequent purchasers, and others interested, of the conveyance or incumbrance of lands. In the case at bar, it is insisted by one party, and denied by the other, that the defendants were so situated and interested as to be entitled to this notice. The deed may have been void, as against a subsequent purchaser, for a valuable consideration, and without notice. Whether the defendants *5were such purchasers, had not, at the time the deed was offered in evidence, been developed, and could not well be until they were permitted to present their defense. The pleadings now, under the statute, in actions to recover land, give no notice of the defense relied on, as a general denial is all that it is necessary to plead. As between the parties to the deed, it was sufficient, and, perhaps, as to all persons, other than those excepted by the statute, to-wit, subsequent purchasers, &e. The deed was, upon the •proof which was made of its execution, properly admitted; the force and effect of the evidence was an after consideration depending upon the attitude in which defendants were placed by the whole evidence, when heard.
The next question is upon the instructions given, and those asked and refused.
The following were the instructions asked by the defendants, to-wit:
1. “ That if the jury believe from the evidence that the defendants, and those under whom they claim, have had possession of the land in dispute for more than twenty years prior to the commencement of this suit, under claim of title, and adversely to all other claims of title, they must find for the defendants.”
2. “ That the instrument, or conveyance, in evidence in this case, from Kellog to Hyde and Holley, dated the 16th of February, 1827, for the land, being neither acknowledged nor recorded, is fraudulent and void in law, as to the defendants herein, and those under whom they claim, and the jury must find for the defendants.”
3. “ That to make a valid tax-title, it is only necessary to prove to the satisfaction of the jury, that the land was liable to taxation; that it was regularly assessed; that the duplicate and precept were regularly made out and delivered to the collector; that then the deed of the collector is prima facie evidence of the correctness of all the acts and proceedings, subsequent to the delivery of such duplicate and precept.”
The Court refused to give either of these instructions, *6but charged the jury as follows: “If you believe the evidence you should find for the plaintiffs.”
In considering the instructions, it is, perhaps, proper to advert to the leading facts of the case — the evidence all being in the record.
In addition to the patent and deed already referred to, the plaintiffs proved by one Truman Smith that he was a witness to the deed, and, although he did not recollect of seeing Kellog sign it, yet he had no doubt that he was present at the signing, or heard Kellog acknowledge the same at the time he placed his name to the deed as a witness.
The grantees were partners in business in the city of New York. Evidence was given of the death of Hyde, one of the grantees, and of the names of the heirs whom he left.
The defendants offered evidence tending to show the assessment of the land in the years 1825 and 1826 for taxation; of the amount of taxes levied; and of the advertisement and sale of the land in November, 1826, for the nonpayment of the taxes of those two .years; and then gave in evidence the collector’s deed dated the first day of April, 1829, to Morris, the assignee of the purchaser at such sale, and traced their title through him. It was admitted that the land was subject to taxation at the times those taxes were levied. There was no controversy about the fact that the land was at that time, and until the year 1834, wild and uncultivated. There was evidence tending to show that during the year 1834 large quantities of stone were removed from the land, and large quantities of wood in 1835, by direction of one Shoup, who afterwards obtained a deed from Morris. By what authority he had possession, so as to authorize the removal of the stone and wood, does not appear. Shoup obtained the deed in December, 1836. Actual possession is shown from that time to the commencement of the suit, under that claim of title. There was no evidence that Morris was ever in actual possession, or even upon the land. There was evidence tending to show that, as late as the spring of 1836, Ryman was agent for Morris in regard to the land, and that Shoup applied *7to Ryman to buy the land, and did not, at that time, claim title to it.
It has been decided by this Court that possession, in good faith, under a tax-title, although that title might not be perfect, may be an adverse possession. 4 Ind. R. 167. See, also, 13 How. U. S. 477; 19 Curtis, 602. But for what length of time such adverse possession had continued, was a question for the jury. Id. 168.
“ The law deems every man to be in the legal seizin and possession of land to which he has a perfect and complete title; this seizjh and possession is coextensive with his right, and continues until he is ousted by an actual adverse possession.” 8 Cranch, 229, 230.—4 Wheat. 213, 233.—4 Peters, 480, 504, 506.—5 id. 354, 345.—6 id. 743. “ An entry by one man upon the lands of another, is an ouster of the legal possession arising from the title, or not, according to the intention with which it is done; if made under claim and color of right, it is an ouster, otherwise, it is a mere trespass.” 11 Peters, 52.—12 Curtis, 332.
Under our statute, twenty years’ adverse possession of lands would be a good defense to an action for the recovery of possession. 2 R. S. p. 76.
The record, in this case, does not show at what time the summons therein was issued. The complaint was filed on the 3d of February, 1855, and on the 9th of August of that year, the parties appeared in Court. So that, whether a summons issued, or not, the suit was, upon their appearance of record, commenced.
The deed from Morris to Shoup was dated December 15th, 1836, and, for aught that appears, was executed at that time, and from thence until the commencenient of this suit possession under it was held by the grantee and those claiming under him. Such possession appears to have been in good faith; for the tax-collector’s deed of Morris was made under the law of 1824, p. 344, which provides that “ such conveyance shall be conclusive evidence that the sale was regular, according to the provisions of this act.”
Did the possession of Shoup extend back beyond the *8date of his deed; and if so, whether or not he held that possession in any manner under or through Morris, or by such claim and color of title as made such possession adversary, were questions of fact for the jury.
The first instruction asked ought to have been given.
As to the second instruction, it is conceded that the acknowledgment of the deed from Kellog was made before an unauthorized person. That being the fact, and the deed not having been recorded, it is insisted that those who derived title through the sale for taxes are subsequent purchasers for a valuable consideration, and as such, entitled to the benefit and protection of the statute regulating the recording of deeds, already referred to.
Although the collector’s deed bears date in 1829, and that of Kellog to Hyde and Holley in 1827, yet, in fact, the evidence shows the sale for taxes to have been made in 1826 — so that, really, this unrecorded deed was made after the sale for taxes.
If the law had been strictly pursued in the assessment, &c., for taxes, so as to make a valid tax-title, then the question would be fairly presented, which is now attempted to be raised; but, as will be seen, the proceedings were so irregular and informal, as developed by the evidence, that the title attempted to be set up is invalid. And, therefore, the defendants cannot, in our opinion, claim to be subsequent purchasers for a valuable consideration, within the meaning of this statute, whatever their rights might have been under other circumstances, such as those above indicated. For this reason, without noticing any other, the instruction was properly refused.
As to the third instruction asked, it professes to state to the jury the material points necessary to be made out in establishing a tax-title. In Williams v. The State, this Court held the following language: “ The claimant, under such title, must prove that all the requisites of the law have been complied with.” 6 Blackf. 36. Which is recognized in 4 Ind. R. 132. This appears, also, to be the rule of decision in Ohio, under somewhat similar statutes. 2 Ohio R. 233.—3 id. 232. Those statutes differed from ours in *9this, that they did not make the deed of the collector evidence to the same extent.
Is the instruction explicit enough?
To determine this, we must look to the requisites of the law. This will be found in the R. S. of 1824, p. 338— “ An act for assessing and collecting revenue” — and an amendment thereof in the Acts of 1825, p. 63. The provisions of these statutes, so far as they have a bearing upon the questions involved in this case, are, that the board of commissioners of the county should appoint one or more assessors for the county, or oné for each township, at their February term each year. R. S. 1824, p. 340, § 5. By an act one day later, in the same code, p. 87, § 7, the commissioners were authorized to appoint a suitable number of listers at their January session. This latter act was in force, and therefore the objection that the appointment was wrongfully made in January, is not well taken. The assessor or assessors, on the first Monday of May, were to be at the clerk’s office, and there publicly compare the assessment rolls, &c., and make such corrections and amendments, &c., as were found necessary, and then deposit the corrected roll or rolls with the clerk to be by him filed and made matter of record. R. S. 1824, p. 341, § 7.—Id. p. 88, § 8. It was made the duty of the board of justices, at their May session, to receive and inspect the lister’s books. By the amendatory act of 1825, p. 66, § 4, after the clerk and lister had compared the roll, the same was to be laid before the board of justices, and if found correct, it was by them accepted by a writing on the back thereof signed by the president of said board. At the time of appointing assessors, the county board were to determine the rates of taxation of several kinds of property, for county purposes. Id. § 10. They were then, at the May session, to levy a county tax, and cause their clerk to make out a duplicate (R. S. 1824, p. 88, § 8) and precept in the name of the state, and deliver the same to the collector.
If it is true, as assumed in the instruction, that it devolves upon the claimant, under a tax-title, to show that all the requisites of the law, in regard to the assessment, &c., *10anterior to the delivery of the duplicate to the collector, had been complied with, then there is a total failure in this instruction to direct the attention of the jury to one very material duty to be performed by the county board, before this duplicate, in the form it was, copld have been made out by the clerk; and that was the levy of a county tax. That tax, on lands, could not exceed one-half the amount assessed for state purposes. Lands were then assessed in three grades, first, second, and third rate, and were respectively charged one dollar and a half, one dollar, and seventy-five cents per hundred acres, for state purposes. The clerk had no power to make a duplicate without such levy having been first made, at least, in the form in which it is alleged to have been made in this' instance.
The third instruction was therefore properly refused.
The instruction given — to-wit: “ If you believe the evidence, you should find for the plaintiffs,” remains to be considered.
In the case of Ewing v. Burnet, 11 Peters, 41, the testimony was conflicting as to adverse possession, and some other matters in the case, “ whereupon the plaintiff’s counsel moved the Court to instruct the jury that on this evidence the plaintiff was entitled to a verdict. Before the Court could have granted the motion, they must have been satisfied that there was nothing in evidence, or any fact which the jury could lawfully infer therefrom, which would in any way prevent the plaintiff’s recovery. If there was any evidence which conduced to prove any fact that could produce such effect, the Court must assume such fact to have been proved by competent evidence. It was also their province to judge of the credibility of the witnesses, and the weight of their testimony, as tending, in a greater or less degree to prove the facts relied on.” 12 Curtis, 330. See 7 Ind. R. 477.
The instruction was erroneous.
Although the rulings of the Court upon instructions were thus wrong, it is insisted in argument that the verdict is right upon the evidence.
There was no direct testimony in reference to the accept*11anee, as required by law, of the assessment roll of 1826. There was no indorsement, either upon the back or face of that roll, by the president of the board of justices, of its acceptance by them — the only indorsement being as follows : “ Benjamin McCarty, the lister in and for the county of Franklin, and state of Indiana, completed his computations of the taxes for the year 1826, this day, and filed the duplicate with the clerk, pursuant to the order of the board of justices, at their May board, 1826, and therefore submitted it to the clerk’s inspection. May 11th, 1826. Benj. McCarty, jr., lister.”
The order of the board referred to in this indorsement is not in evidence. Whether they, by that order, either directly approved or disapproved of the correctness of the roll, does not appear. But it is by that indorsement shown that the May meeting of the board was past. That certainly, to some extent, the subject of that assessment had been under consideration, and, for some purpose, was referred to an officer of that board. These circumstances, in connection with the absence of an indorsement of approval, would raise the presumption, if any inference at all is to be drawn, that the board, for some reason, had refused to indorse their approval. No precept for either of the years 1825 or 1826, nor duplicate for 1826, were produced upon the trial. They could not be found, and the proof was, perhaps, sufficient to admit secondary evidence of their contents. That evidence consisted of the verbal testimony of Enoch Me Garty, who was clerk of the Court in 1825 and 1826, and Robert John, who was the collector of the revenue. It is insisted that this evidence is not sufficient. We have carefully considered it, and have cometo the conclusion that the objection to its sufficiency is well taken. Neither of the witnesses were able to give the contents of the lost instruments. It is apparent from their whole testimony — aside from the fact that they stated they could not remember the contents — that they testified from a general recollection of what their official duty required of them under the law, and of what that law, as understood by *12them, made it necessary to embody in such instruments of writing, rather' than of the contents in fact.
J. Yaryan and G. Holland, for the appellants. J. D. Howland, for the appellees (1).For these failures of legal proof upon the part of the defendants on the trial below, the verdict would be sustained, so far as the question of the invalidity of the tax-title is concerned; but the judgment must be reversed for the refusal to instruct upon the question of adverse possession, which was, so far as we can see from the record, a refusal to submit that question, in proper form, to the jury.
Per Curiam.— The judgment is reversed with costs. Cause remanded, &c.