The appellee brought suit below against the appellants, to enjoin the collection of certain taxes assessed against him.. The complaint contains three paragraphs. The averred facts upon which appellee relies, as presented in the third paragraph of the complaint, may be stated as follows:
That he is a freeholder and tax-payer of the city of Mount Vernon; that he is the owner of real and personal property *565within the limits of the city, of the value of twenty-four, thousand six hundred and fifty-five dollars; that the assessment made by the common council of said city against the plaintiff, for the year 1874, amounts to the sum of five hundred and fifty-four dollars and seventy-four cents; that of said sum sixty-four dollars and seventy-eight cents are for the payment of interest on, and to provide a sinking fund for the payment of the principal of, the bonds of said city, issued and delivered to the Chicago and Illinois Southern Railroad Company; that on the 25th day of December, 1868, the common council of said city, in pursuance of a petition by a majority of the freeholders thereof, and of an act of the legislature of Indiana, approved March-14th, 1867, made an order t.o donate the sum of two hundred thousand dollars in the bonds of said city to the Mount "Vernon and Grayville Railroad Company, a corporation then existing under the laws of this State, to aid in building her road, but that no part of said bonds were ever issued or delivered to said Mount Vernon and Grayville Railroad Company; that on the 14th day of April, 1870, the said Mount Vernon and Grayville Railroad Company was consolidated with the Grayville and‘Mattoon Railroad Company, a corporation then existing by virtue of the laws of the State of Illinois, and that after said consolidation the said roads became and were known as the said Chicago and Illinois Southern Railroad Company; that on the 28th day of March,.1871, the said common council, without any further petition of the freeholders of said city, or any further order of donation, issued and delivered said bonds to the said Chicago and Illinois Southern Railroad Company, which road is now abandoned and worthless; that he has paid all of said taxes so assessed against him, except the said sixty-four dollars and seventy-eight cents, which the said Terry, as treasurer of said city, threatens and is about to proceed to collect against him. Prayer for a perpetual injunction.
The complaint is accompanied with the proper exhibits, and the averments are formally alleged. The bonds are pay*566able to bearer, and on their face recite that they were issued under the authority of the act of March 14th, 1867, “and in pursuance of the proper petition and order of the common council of said city, dated the 25th day of December, 1868, making a subscription in bonds of said city to aid in the construction of the Mount Vernon and Grayville Eailroad, now consolidated with, and forming a part of the Chicago and Illinois Southern Eailroad. ”
The appellants answer each paragraph of the complaint separately, and answer the whole complaint by a fourth paragraph, in which they admit the issuing of the bonds, the levy of the tax, and the consolidation of the roads, as alleged in the complaint; but aver that said consolidation was made in accordance with a public statute of the State of Indiana, and that, by the terms of said consolidation, the said railroad was to be built from Mount Vernon, Indiana, to Grayville, Illinois, and thence to Mattoon, in said last mentioned State. That, at the time said bonds were issued, said railroad was so far completed as to admit the running of trains thereon for a distance of more than five miles in a northerly direction from the city of Mount Vernon, and towards said town of Grayville. That the proposal of said city to donate two hundred thousand dollars in its bonds, to aid in constructing said railroad, was duly accepted by said Mount Vernon and Grayville Eailroad Company, acted upon by its board of directors, and said sum treated by said company as part of its assets. That said bonds were issued by said city for the purpose prayed for in the petition presented, and for no other purpose. That, after the issuing and delivery of said bonds to said railroad company, the same were sold to one George Opedyke, a resident of the city of New York, without notice to him, either by said plaintiffs or defendants, or by said railroad company, or any other person, of any fraud, defect, or deceit therein. That, ever since the issuing and sale of said bonds, the city has' regularly paid the interest thereon up to July, 1874, since which time the same has not been paid for want of funds. "Wherefore, etc.
*567The first, second and third paragraphs of the answer are similar to the fourth as stated above. Separate demurrers were filed to each paragraph and sustained by the court, and the injunction granted. Exceptions and appeal. Thus, the main question is presented by the third paragraph of the complaint and the fourth paragraph of the answer.
The single error assigned is sustaining the appellee’s demurrers to the appellants’ answer.
The constitutionality of section 60, 3 Ind. Stat. 93, under the authority of which the bonds in controversy were issued, must be held as settled. Sankey v. The Terre Haute & S. W. R. R. Co., 42 Ind. 402. And bonds regularly issued and delivered by the authority of said section, in the hands of a bona fide holder, for a valuable consideration, without notice, must be regarded as public securities, and placed on a footing with bills of exchange. City of Aurora v. West, 22 Ind. 88; Nugent v. The Supervisors, 19 Wallace, 241; Moran v. The Commissioners of Miami County, 2 Black, 722; Lee County v. Rogers, 7 Wallace, 181; Mercer County v. Hacket, 1 Wallace, 83; Rogers v. Burlington, 3 Wallace, 654; Clark v. The City of Janesville, 10 Wis. 136; The State, ex rel. Treadwell, v. Commissioners, 12 Ohio St. 596; New Albany, etc., Plank Road Co. v. Smith, 23 Ind. 353; Board of Commissioners v. Bright, 18 Ind. 93.
In this case, no irregularity in the petition of the freeholders, nor in the order of the common council of the city of Mount "Vernon, in making the donation, is shown; nor is it claimed that there is any irregularity in the consolidation of the railroads as alleged. But it is contended on behalf of the appellee:
“1. If the donation by delivery of city bonds had been actually made to the road petitioned for, it would have been a vested right, and would have passed under the act of February 23d, 1853 (1 G. & H. 526), to the road formed by the act of consolidation, as one of the vested rights of the Mount Vernon and Grayville Eailroad Company. An examination of section 60, 3 Ind. Stat. 93, demonstrates that the legisla*568ture intended, in conferring this power upon cities beyond the usual purposes of their incorporation, to limit its use to but two methods, one by contract on the part of the municipality in subscribing for stock in a railroad, the other by a gift or donation in money or bonds, by which cities might aid in constructing railroads without incurring any responsibility attaching to the position of a stockholder. That this choice was clearly intended by the act, is apparent, when we look back upon the many difficulties and embarrassments that had overtaken cities in this State as stockholders in railroads. It is evident that but one way of contracting is permitted by section 60, supra, that is, by taking stock, and that there ■ is no intermediate state or condition between it and a donation in which a contract could be made.
“ 2. In the case at bar, the common council was authorized to donate under the restrictions named in the petition. Acting under that authority, it had only gone to the extent of making abare proposition or tender binding uponmobody. This is sought to be avoided, in the fourth paragraph of the answer, by saying the Mount Vernon and Grayville Railroad Company accepted such proposal, and always treated it as assets on its books, endeavoring thereby to treat the donation as consummated. We submit that the transaction up to this stage was purely and simply a matter between the citizens and the council, the railroad company having no-voice or interest in it; that the Mount Vernon and Gray-ville Railroad Company had no right, as against the pity, which it could have enforced by mandamus, we have only to refer the court to the cases of Board of Commissioners of Crawford County v. L., N. A. & St. L. Air Line R. W. Co., 39 Ind. 192; and Sankey v. The T. H. & S. W. R. W. Co., 42 Ind. 402. In the latter case the court say the railroad company has no vested right until the donation is actually made. That the donation could not have been made in this case, we have only to remember it was to be made' in city bonds, choses in action, which could not pass except by delivery, and that delivery was made to another and differ*569ent corporation than the one named in the petition and order, and after the demise of the company prayed for in the petition. ,
“ 3. It is seriously urged that the consolidation wrought no change in the original purpose for which the donation was made. We see a vast difference between the scheme before and after the consolidation. The people of Mount Vernon might be willing enough to aid by their revenues á road to be built entirely within their own county, but d'ecline to embark in an enterprise several hundred miles in length, with the manage.ment transferred to a distant state, under different laws from their own, and their control of it gone. They were at least entitled to a voice in the matter, to say whether they would or would not consent to the new order of things, something that has never yet been afforded them.
“4. The question arises, could the Chicago and Illinois Southern Eailroad Company, upon a demand and refusal by the common council to issue the bonds, have compelled by mandamus their issue ? If it could not, th'en the, council had no right to do what it could not have been compelled to do under the writ. The act of the council in making the issue was to disregard wholly the wishes of the taxpayers, and to bind them by a contract into' which they never intended to enter.
“ In Harshman v. Bates Co., 3 Dillon C. C. 150, the history of the issue of the bonds is contained in the recitals on their face, which name the statute, the vote of the people, and the consolidation of the roads, as in the bonds in the case at bar, the two cases being identically alike, with the exception of one being a subscription, the other a donation. In the former case, the complaint set up almost the same facts pleaded in the appellants’ answer, an innocent holder for value having purchased, without notice, etc. Dillon, J., held, upon the authority of Marsh v. Fulton Co., 10 Wal. 676, Clearwater v. Meredith, 1 Wal. 25, McMahan v. Morrison, 16 Ind. 172, that the county, having authority by the proper vote to take stock *570in one railroad company, had no right without another vote to subscribe for stock in a consolidated company formed by the railroad voted for and another corporation, when the subscription had not been made to the original company, and that the consolidated company could not have enforced the subscription and issue of the bonds; and that notice of these facts appearing upon the face of the bonds, there could be no such thing as an innocent holder, but the purchaser took them with actual notice of the illegality, and stood in the same relation to them as the payee, the railroad company, to which they were issued. That case also supports the position we assume, that the constitutional provision requiring a vote, being the same as our statutes requiring a petition, is a condition precedent that cannot be dispensed with by the county agents, and- that to neglect it when stock is taken in the consolidated road would be rendering this safeguard a nullity.”
Whatever might be the difference, if any, between bonds issued as~ a donation, and bonds issued in payment of stock, before they are delivered, or while they remain in the hands of the donee, after they have passed into the hands of an innocent holder, for a valuable consideration, without notice, both classes of bonds would be equally binding. There was authority in law to issue the bonds—the purchaser had a right to presume that they were issued regularly. There was authority in law for the consolidation of the railroads— the purchaser had a right to presume that the consolidation had been regularly effected. Railroads escape none of their liabilities by consolidation, and, reciprocally, lose none of their rights. There is no act recited on the face of the bonds which had not the authority of law for its accomplishment; nothing to show that it was irregularly performed; no defect—nothing to awaken suspicion of their illegality. Such bonds in the hands of a bona fide holder must be held valid, whatever defects might have existed remediable between the donor and donee. Nugent v. The Supervisors, 19 Wallace, 241.
*571It is urged, that “the people of Mount Yernon might be willing enough to aid by their revenues a road to be built entirely within their own county, but decline to embark in an enterprise several hundred miles in length, with the management transferred to a distant state, under different laws from their own, and their control of it gone.”
All of this may be very true; but the freeholders who petitioned the common council that passed the order, and the tax-payers of Mount Yernon, from whom the money was to be drawn, must be held to have known that the railroad to which they granted aid could legally effect the consolidation of which the appellee now complains. They must have known that the railroad lost none of its legal powers, and forfeited none of its rights, by accepting the donation. Bish v. Johnson, 21 Ind. 299; Hanna v. The Cincinnati and Fort Wayne R. R. Co., 20 Ind. 30; McMahan v. Morrison, 16 Ind. 172; Sparrow v. The Evansville and Crawfordsville R. R. Co., 7 Ind. 369.
The question whether the Chicago and Illinois Southern Railroad Company could have compelled the issue of the bonds by mandamus is not before us, and therefore not decided. After the delivery of the bonds, such a question is wholly immaterial.
It is conceded, on behalf of the appellee, that if the donation of the bonds had been actually made to the road petitioned for, it would have been a vested right, and would have passed to the road formed by the act of consolidation. If so, the bonds were not void, but at most only voidable. Admitting that they were voidable as between the donor and donee, having been delivered and passed into the hands of a bona fide holder, and recognized as binding by repeated payments of their interest coupons, it is now too late to question their validity. Society for Savings v. The City of New London, 29 Conn. 174; The President, etc., of the Town of Keithsburg v. Frick, 34 Ill. 405; Board of Supervisors of Mercer Co. v. Hubbard, 45 Ill. 139.
*572We are of opinion that the court erred in sustaining the demurrers to the several paragraphs of the answer.
The judgment is reversed; the cause remanded, with directions to overrule the ‘demurrers to the first, second, third and fourth paragraphs of answer, and for further proceedings according to this opinion.