Moore and Welch, at the February term, .1878, of the court below, commenced a suit against one Hull *320and wife on a note executed by Hull and a mortgage executed by Hull and wife to secure tbe payment of the note, both dated October 26th, 1876, making appellants Fee and Brown co-defendants therein, alleging that they were junior inpumbrancers, and claimed to have a lien upon the mortgaged property. Hull and wife were defaulted.
Appellants answered separately, but similar matters, in. defence; each filed a general denial and cross complaint, alleging, in substance, that before the execution of the mortgage one William H. Reed had brought a suit in the Steuben Circuit Court against said Hull, and had caused an attachment to issue therein, by which said mortgaged land was attached on the 20th day of July, 1876 ; that on the 23d day of October, 1876, and while said attachment proceeding-was still pending, the appellant Fee, as alleged in his cross complaint, filed his complaint, affidavit and written undertaking in said cause against said Hull, and became a party to-said proceeding, and afterwards, to wit, on the 4th day of May, 1877, recovered a judgment thereon against said Hull, and a finding of said court that said judgment was a part of' the proceedings in said Reed attachment case, with an order-to pro-rate with said Reed, and other creditors who had become parties thereto, in the money realized from the sale-of said land. And appellant Brown alleges, in his cross complaint, that on the 14th day of December, 1876, and while said Reed attachment proceeding was still pending, he-filed his complaint, affidavit and undertaking in said cause-against said Hull, and became a party thereto; and after-wards, on the 4th day of May, 1877, he recovered a judgment in said proceeding against said Hull, and a finding of' said court that said judgment was a part of the proceedings in said Reed attachment case, with an order to pro-rate with said Reed, and other creditors who had become parties-thereto, in the money realized from the sale of said land.
Appellees denied these- cross complaints, and issues were-. *321thus formed. The cause was submitted to the court, which found for the appellees against the mortgagoi’S and these appellants. Each appellant moved for a new trial, which was overruled, and to which each excepted. The court thereupon rendex’ed a judgment of foreclosure against all of the defendants. The appellants each have assigned as error the action of the court in overruling the motion of each of them for a new trial.
The question presented for decision in this case is the px’ioxlty of liens. We have carefully examined the record with the bill of exceptions coxxtaining the evidexxce, and xxxake the following summary of the facts : The note and mortgage sued upon were dated October 26th, 1876 ; the note was executed by Hull, axxd the mortgage by Hull and wife, to E. H. Moore. The mortgage was in the form of a deed,- to become void on payment, and did not contain any independent proinise to pay. The note coxxtained no assignment indorsed thereon. The mortgage had the following indorsement thereon, to wit: “Ihereby assign the within mortgage, and the note therein secured, to Moore & Welch. E. H. Moore.” That Eeed commenced an action in attachment against Hull on the 20th day of July, 1876, and on that day the land embraced in the mortgage was attached. This attachment proceeding was pending until the 15th day of December, 1876, when judgmexxt was rendered in favor of Eeed against Hull, ixx said proceeding, and the land attached ox’dered to be sold. The record is silent as to whether there has beexx any sale or offer ’ for sale of the lands in controversy, under this original attachment proceeding, or either of said proceedings. That on the 23d day of October, 1876, appellant Fee, filed ixi said court his complaint, affidavit and written undertaking against said Hull, and obtained judgment thereon against said Hull, on the 4th day of May, 1877 ; that his said claim was then adjudged to have been filed *322under the attachment proceedings of said Beed, and it was ordered that a pro rata share of the money realized from the sale of said land be paid to him; that on the 14th day of December, 1876, the appellant Brown filed his complaint, affidavit and written undertaking in said court against said Hull, and on the 4th day of May, 1877, recovered judgment thereon against said Hull; that his said claim was then adjudged to have been filed under the attachment proceeding of said Beed, and it was ordered that a pro rata share of the money realized from the sale of the land should be paid to him. Becapitulation:
Beed attached the land July 20th, 1876 ;
Fee filed his complaint, etc., October 28d, 1876 ;
The mortgage was executed October 26th, 1876 ;
Brown filed his complaint, etc., December 14th, 1876;
Beed obtained judgment December 15th, 1876 ;
Fee obtained judgment May 4th, 1877 ,
Brown obtained judgment May 4th, 1877.
Thus the priority of liens is presented, and in order to determine this question it is necessary, first, to inquire whether the claims of appellants were filed and prosecuted under the attachment proceedings of Beed, then pending.
The record evidence of the filing of the papers, with the indorsements thereou, and the docketing of the claims, and also the parol evidence, all of which is contained in the bill of exceptions, show very clearly that appellants intended to and did file their complaint, affidavit and written undertaking •under the attachment proceeding of said Beed, then pending in said court, and that their claims were prosecuted to final judgment under said attachment proceeding; and that the court below, in finally determining said attachment proceedings, didn'ight to adjudge that appellants’ claims were filed under, and prosecuted to judgment under, and as a part of, the original attachment proceedings of said Reed v. Hull.
Counsel have discussed the question as to whether these *323■are judgments in rem. It is very difficult, in some cases, to determine accurately -what is a judgment in rem. The short definition of the technical phrase, in rem, that is sometimes given, that it is in a proceeding against a thing, by which every person is bound, still leaves the troublesome question to be- decided, by what kinds of proceedings are all persons bound ? We are aware that the authorities have placed a more limited meaning upon the phrase than the mere literal meaning of the words. Drake on Attachments, sec. 5, says that attachment proceedings arc in the nature of, but not strictly, proceedings in rem. Bigelow on Estoppels, p. 148, says that although proceedings in attachment are not strictly proceedings in rem, yet they are sometimes mentioned as such; and au order of sale of perishable goods, levied on by an attachment,'operates as a proceeding in rem, binding, as it does, all persons. We are unable to see why the sale of perishable goods is any more in rem than the sale of those that are not ■perishable; they are both alike, when levied upon, in the custody of the court, and subject to its control. Freeman on Judgments, see. 606, in discussing that part of the definition sometimes given, that in order to make it a judgment in rem, the status of the thing must be determined, says: “A judgment against * a tract of land * for a sum of money, to be satisfied lw execution against such * land, * though clearly in rem, no more determines a status than though the defendant -were a person ” Then why is not a judgment ordering specific property to be sold to pay a sum of money as much ■a judgment in rem ¶
In the case of Truitt v. Truitt, 38 Ind. 16, this court decided that a proceeding to enforce a vendor’s lien, and the sale of the property for the payment of a sum of money found to be due, was a proceeding in rem.
We have been ref erred to the 169th section of the code, upon the proposition that no person is bound by the attachment proceeding except those who have notice. This prov*324ision of the code only refers to proceedings before a justice-of the peace. Matlock v. Strange, 8 Ind. 57; Griffin v. Malony, 13 Ind. 402; Davis v. Warfield, 38 Ind. 461.
Whether the judgments in the attachment proceedings are to be regarded in rem or not, it seems to us that appellee, in this case, ought to be bound by the proceedings. Here, the land upon which he took his mortgage had been levied upon, and was in the custody of the court, for more than three months before he took his mortgage, and appellant Fee’s claim had been filed three days before appellee took his mortgage He ought to be chargeable with notice of the litigation pending, at the date of his mortgage, in relation to the property mortgaged, and of all the rights that could, legally grow out of said pending litigation. And, if he preferred to-take his mortgage, instead of filing his claim under Reed’s attachment proceedings, it was for him to bear the consequences.
But, even if the attachment judgments are to be considered in personam, then they could ouly be attacked collaterally for fraud or want of jurisdiction. Taylor v. Elliott, 51 Ind. 375, and the petition for a rehearing, p. 381, with, authorities therein cited.
These judgments have not been attacked for fraud, but. it is alleged that the court had no jurisdiction to render-them after the original Reed attachment had been disposed of. That depended upon the facts as to whether they had been filed under the Reed attachment case, and had become a part thereof. This being a jurisdictional question, and necessary for the court to determine before it could act, and it being a court of general and superior jurisdiction, its determination of that question is final, and can not be questioned’ collaterally. Dequindre v. Williams, 31 Ind. 444; Ney v. Swinney, 36 Ind. 454; Hackleman v. Harrison, 50 Ind. 156.
Persons filing under an attachment proceeding acquire all', the rights and liens of the attaching creditor, and are enti— *325tied, jointly with him, to a pro rata distribution of the proceeds. Even the dismissal of the original attachment proceeding, on account of defective papers, does not discharge the acquired lien of subsequently filed claims thereunder. See the case of Taylor v. Elliott, supra. And, if this be true under a defective original proceeding that has been dismissed ■ on account of the defect, for a much stronger reason is it true where the original proceeding is valid, and has been ■favorably prosecuted to final judgment. The reasons for this rule will more fully appear by an examination of the provirsions of our statute.
Section 161 of the code reads as follows: “Upon the filing of such affidavit and written undertaking in the office of the clerk, he shall issue an order of attachment, which shall ■be directed and delivered to the sheriff. It shall require him to seize and take into his possession the property of the defendant in his county not exempt from execution.”
Section 165 reads: “An order of attachment binds the ■ defendant’s property in the county subject to execution, and becomes a lien thereon from the time of its delivery to the .sheriff, in the same manner as an execution.”
Section 186 provides, among other things, that “Any creditor of the defendant, upon filing his affidavit and written undertaking, as hereinbefore required of the attaching creditor, may, at any time before the final adjustment of the suit, become a party to the action, file his complaint, and prove his claim or demand against the defendant,” etc.
Section 187 reads : “A dismissal of his action or proceedings in attachment by the first attaching creditor, shall not operate as a dismissal of the action or proceedings of any subsequent attaching creditor.”.
Section 192 reads : “The money realized from the attachment and the garnishees shall, under the direction of the court, after paying all costs and expenses, be paid to the *326several creditors, in proportion to the amount of their several claims as adjusted, and the surplus, if any, shall be paid to the defendant.”
According- to these provisions, the order of attachment, binds the property of the defendant in the county, and creates a lien thereon, from the time it comes into the hands of the sheriff, and requires him to seize an ample amount to* pay the attaching creditor’s claim ; and thus the property of the defendant, in the county, is placed in the custody of the court, through the sheriff, and made subject to the order-of the court. And the attachment defendant can make no disposition of nor create any incumbrance or lien thereon, until not only the attachment creditor has been paid, but he, with all subsequent attaching creditors filing thereunder- and becoming parties thereto, have also been fully paid,, should there be sufficient property of the defendant to pay the same. And whatever is realized from the attachment proceedings is required to be divided, pro rata, among all the attaching creditors, each getting his full share. And, any creditor refusing, neglecting or failing to file thereunder, can not acquire, after the order of attachment comes into the hands of the sheriff, any prior lien ; and if he omits to file under and become a party to the attachment proceedings, he has no right to complain, even if he fails to get a pro rata share of the property attached, or the proceeds thereof..
■ Appellants, by their attachment proceedings, acquired a lien upon the attached property, of the date of the original' attachment writ coming into the hands of the sheriff, in the Reed proceeding, to wit, July 20t.h, 1876 ; and the same is-prior and paramount to appellees’ mortgage lien.
The court below erred in giving appellees’ mortgage lien-priority to, and a preference over, appellants’ attachment, liens ; for which the judgment ought to be reversed.
Pjgk Cujriam.- — It is therefore ordered, upon the foregoing-*327opinion, that the judgment below be, and it is hereby, in all things, reversed, at the costs of appellees, and that the cause be remanded to the court below for further proceedings, in accordance with this opinion.