Jacob R. Etter filed a bill in equity in’the court below, praying that his title to certain real estate, therein described, be quieted, and that he might be relieved from a certain judgment taken against him in the Montgomery Circuit Court, which affected his right to the possession of the land in controversy, and asking further, that his right to. re*116deem under a sale made upon a decretal order, foreclosing certain mortgages, might be established upon equitable grounds.
The facts are comprehensively set out in a special finding of the court, and as the rights of the parties must depend upon a determination of the law upon the facts found, no further notice need be taken of the pleadings, which are so voluminous as to forbid any attempt at a statement of the issue.
From the finding of the court, it appears that on the 4th day of April, 1878, one Robert F. Hart was the owner of a tract of land in Montgomery county, and that prior to that time, he had executed two mortgages on the premises to secure two several debts, amounting to about $700. Becoming financially embarrassed, he and his wife, on the date mentioned, conveyed the land to Louisa Stringer who, on the same day, conveyed it to Jacob R. Etter. Both the conveyance from Hart to Mrs. Stringer and that from Mrs. Stringer to Etter are found to have been made wholly without consideration, and with the purpose, on all hands, to defraud Hart’s creditors, but without any actual intent to defraud Anderson or any other subsequent purchaser. On the 17th day of April, 1878, which was thirteen days after Mrs. Stringer conveyed to Etter, sir' sold and conveyed the land in dispute to Caleb H. R. Anderson, who paid therefor the sum of $1,200 in cash, he taking his conveyance subject to the mortgages previously placed thereon by Hart. At the time Anderson purchased and paid for the land, he had no notice of the previous conveyance to Etter, nor of the fraudulent purpose of Hart, Stringer and Etter. The conveyance from Mrs. Stringer to Etter was not recorded at the time of Anderson’s purchase, and Hart occupied the land under a lease from Mrs. Stringer. The fact of Hart’s occupancy appears in the evidence and is undisputed. In the conveyance from Mrs. Stringer to Anderson the land was misdescribed so that the deed covered an entirely different tract from that intended. On the 22d day of April, 1878, Etter surrendered his deed to Hart, and the deed coming to the possession of Mrs. *117Stringer’s husband was destroyed without his (Etter’s) consent. Hart having meanwhile effected a compromise with his creditors, Mrs. Stringer, on the 23d day of April, 1878, voluntarily conveyed the land back to him and his wife by a correct description, she having in the meantime conveyed it to Etter and Anderson, respectively. Hart and wife subsequently, on May 13th of the same year, conveyed the land by quitclaim to Etter, which last conveyance was also voluntary.
In a few days after this Anderson commenced proceedings in the Montgomery Circuit Court for the purpose of correcting the description in his deed, and to quiet his title to the land, and to this suit Hart and wife, Stringer and wife, and Etter were all made parties. Such proceedings were had in that case that on the 29th day of May, 1879, a decree was given in favor of Anderson, reforming his deed and quieting his title. From this decree an appeal was taken by Etter to this court, which appeal resulted in a reversal of the decree of the Montgomery Circuit Court. Etter v. Anderson, 84 Ind. 333.
While the appeal was pending here Anderson sued Etter and Hart in ejectment, and on the strength of the decree above mentioned recovered a judgment, and by a writ issued thereon ousted Hart and Etter, and ever since has retained the possession of the land. From this judgment no appeal was ever taken, and it remains in full force.
Pending the appeal of the first case, the mortgages given by Hart were foreclosed, Etter having been made a party to the proceeding, and the lands were sold on the decree of foreclosure, Anderson becoming the purchaser at the sheriff’s sale, for the amount of the mortgage debts and interest which he had previously purchased. Before the appeal was determined, the year for redemption expired, and Anderson received a sheriff’s deed, so that by force of the erroneous judgment, which was afterwards reversed, he had obtained a judgment in ejectment and had prevented, as it is found, the redemption from the mortgage sale.
*118Upon the facts found the court stated as a conclusion of law, that Etter was the owner and entitled to the possession of the land, and that he had an equitable right to redeem, notwithstanding the expiration of the statutory time, and a decree was rendered accordingly.
To reverse this decree the learned counsel for appellant rest their argument, substantially, on the following propositions:
1. Etter having received his deed in fraud of Hart’s creditors, and in violation of section 2156, R. S. 1881, of the act defining crimes, it is contended that it is absolutely void for all purposes.
2. The conveyance to Etter having been made without any consideration, and to defraud Hart’s creditors, it is insisted that it can not prevail as against the title of a subsequent bona fide purchaser for value without notice.
For the appellee it is contended that, conceding that the conveyances were fraudulent as to Hart’s creditors, yet, inasmuch as Anderson was not a creditor of Hart, and because the conveyances were binding on the parties thereto, and all others except creditors, and Anderson’s grantor having conveyed to Etter and parted with all the title she had in the land before she conveyed it to him, he, consequently, took nothing by his deed, and can make no question concerning the fraudulent purpose which was had at the time respecting Hart’s creditors; that being a purchaser in good faith will not protect him, even as against a volunteer who has a legal title.
It is further contended on Etter’sbehalf, that the judgment in ejectment having been obtained, and the title in the foreclosure proceeding having accrued against him, while his hands were tied by means of the first judgment, which was after-wards reversed as erroneous, and the judgment in ejectment and sheriff’s title being in a measure predicated thereon, he must be restored to the situation he was in before the erroneous judgment was obtained.
That an executed conveyance made for the purpose of de*119frauding creditors is binding as between the parties, can not be disputed, and that there is a statute making it a misdemeanor to make or receive a conveyance for such purpose, in no wise affects the question. It is equally binding, except as it may be controlled by other considerations, when fully executed, whether it is an infraction of a criminal statute or not.
Where, in pursuance of an unlawful scheme, in which persons have voluntarily engaged, property is conveyed, the law will not unravel the transaction after it has been carried into ■execution, for the purpose of enabling those involved to recover what may have been lost. The parties, and all others involved in the illegal scheme, will be left in the situation which they have chosen for themselves. This is the general rule. Whether to this, as to other general rules, there are ■exceptions, we need not now inquire.
As, therefore, a conveyance made to defraud creditors is binding on the parties to it when it is fully executed, it is likewise binding on a subsequent grantee of the fraudulent grantor, unless such subsequent grantee establish as the basis of .his right to relief some other ground, in addition to the fact that it was made to defraud creditors; and that such conveyance is a violation of a criminal statute, is nowhere, so far .as we know, of itself a ground which will serve as the basis upon which a subsequent purchaser may avoid a prior conveyance made for the purpose of defrauding creditors.
It was held in Etter v. Anderson, supra, as it had been in many previous cases, that a conveyance made and received for the purpose of defrauding creditors, is illegal as to creditors only, and it was there said, quoting from Edwards v. Haverstick, 53 Ind. 348, “As between the parties, and as to all others than creditors, it is legal and valid, and can be enforced in all of its terms as any other contract.”
The result of the foregoing rule is that none but creditors can make the fact that the conveyance was made in fraud of their rights the basis of an action to set it aside on that account.
*120It does not follow from this, however, that one who is a. purchaser in good faith may not, as against a mere volunteer, make the fact that he is a purchaser in good faith the basis of an attack, and supplement his attack from that point, with proof that in addition to being a volunteer the conveyance held by such volunteer originated in a fraudulent scheme.
Under the statute of 27 Elizabeth, the rule was settled, and still prevails in England, that all voluntary conveyances might be avoided by subsequent purchasers, who paid a valuable consideration, even though such purchaser had notice', and notwithstanding the voluntary conveyance was made without any fraudulent intent whatever.
The fact that the prior conveyance was voluntary under1 that statute as the law thereunder was administered, raised a conclusive presumption of fraud in favor of ¿'.subsequent purchaser, even with notice. The current of American decisions was, that if the subsequent purchaser had notios, and the prior voluntary conveyance was made without any fraudulent purpose, it would not be set aside.
Accordingly, it was held in Stanley v. Brannon, 6 Blackf. 193, following Cathcart v. Robinson, 5 Pet. 264, that a subsequent purchaser with notice, no fraudulent intent appearing,, was not within the protection of the statute of 1838. This statute embodied some of the features of 13 and 27 Elizabeth..
The rule which seems to prevail generally is stated as follows : “A conveyance actually ■ fraudulent is void against a subsequent purchaser for a valuable consideration, even with notice; and a voluntary conveyance is presumptively fraudulent against a subsequent bona fide purchaser without notice.’’ Gardner v. Cole, 21 Iowa, 205; Lerow v. Wilmarth, 9 Allen, 382 (14 Am. Dec. 705 n.), and cases cited; Hurley v. Osler, 44 Iowa, 642; Anderson v. Green, 7 J. J. Marsh. 448; Wait Fraud. Conv., section 369, et seq.; May Fraud. Conv. 169; 2 Pomeroy Eq. Jur., section 794.
The rule above stated has been modified by construction in some of the States, and by statute in this State, to the extent-*121that no conveyance or charge upon land shall be adjudged fraudulent, as against subsequent purchasers, “ solely on the ground that it was not founded on a valuable consideration.” R. S. 1881, section 4924; Pence v. Croan, 51 Ind. 336.
Sections 4915 and 4916, which embody the equitable rules of the common law on the subject, as well as the spirit of the statute of 27 Elizabeth, provide, in substance, that all conveyances of land shall be deemed void which are made with intent to defraud subsequent purchasers for a valuable consideration without actual or legal notice thereof, at the time of such purchase, and if it appear that the grantee in such conveyance, or the person benefited thereby was privy to-the fraud intended, then it shall be void as to a subsequent purchaser for value with notice.
Construing these sections with section 4924, and the question then is, can a volunteer, who has taken a conveyance in a scheme to defraud creditors, be heard to say, as against a good faith purchaser without notice, that the fraud which was actually intended -was aimed at creditors,.and not at subsequent purchasers ? In other words, can he, while admitting that he is both a volunteer and a fraudulent grantee, defeat the claim of the purchaser for value, by alleging and proving, or if it appears, that the particular fraud intended was not the one actually perpetrated ?
The basis of Anderson’s right in this controversy is that he is a purchaser in good faith fora valuable consideration without notice, and that Etter’s (the prior grantee’s) title is not-founded on a valuable consideration. The statute above reierred to provides that Etter’s title shall not be adjudged fraudulent solely on that ground. But for this statute, under the rule prevailing, his title would fall upon the mere showing' that Anderson bought and paid for the land without notice, and that he was a volunteer. When, in addition to that, it is conceded, or alleged and proved, that Etter’s title originated in a scheme to defraud Hart’s creditors, we think he should not be heard to say in a court of equity, while attempting to-*122hold the fruits of that scheme, against an innocent purchaser, that it was not also a part of the scheme to perpetrate the identical fraud which was accomplished. While, under the statute, the conclusive presumption will not be indulged that the deed was fraudulent, from the mere fact that it was voluntary, yet when it is conceded that in addition to its being voluntary it was taken in a fraudulent scheme in which the holder was embarked, then a conclusive presumption ai’ises that that scheme was to defraud the innocent purchaser. When the premise is conceded, that he is both a volunteer and a fraudulent grantee, the conclusion follows irresistibly, that the conveyance is void as to á subsequent good faith purchaser. After that admission he will be estopped in a court of conscience from saying that the result of his fraudulent ■scheme was not the result intended.
The case under consideration is, in our opinion, covered in principle in all its essential features by the case of Paine v. Doe, 7 Blackf. 485.
As it is expressly found that Anderson purchased without notice, we need not inquire what effect notice of the fraudulent purpose for which the deed was made would have had upon his x'ights, xxor need we determine what effect the recording of Etter’s deed would have had. It will be observed, in the case of Paine v. Doe, supra, that the voluntary deed was on record when the subsequent purchaser took title, and yet it was held that because the first deed was voluntary, and was made to evade the payment of debts, it was fraudulent as ■against a subsequent purchaser.
Our conclusion upon the facts as found by the court is that Etter was entitled to no relief whatever.
We have examixxed the points made on the cross errors assigned by the appellee, and without extending this opinion we think there was no ex*ror in the rulings of the court which .are therein complained of.
All of the facts relating to the whole controversy are fully *123found by the court, and upon the facts found complete justice may be done to the parties.
Filed April 28, 1885.The judgment of the court below is reversed, with costs, with directions to the court to state conclusions of law on the facts found in accordance with this opinion, and to render judgment accordingly.