On Petition for a Rehearing.
Elliott, J.We have carefully studied the briefs originally filed and those filed on the petition for a rehearing, and can not find any reason for departing from the rule declared in our former opinion.
The rights of the appellant to the property she claims depend upon the construction of the will of her step-mothex’, Ruth A. Burrow. The will, set out in our former opinion, devises to the appellant’s father and the testatrix’s husband an estate for life in her property, makes provision for the payment of debts, for the ex-ection of monuments, and for the appointment of an executor. The only provisions in the will which directly affect the appellant ai'e the following:
“Fourthly. If my husband survive xne, I desire at his death that all I may own or be possessed of shall go to and become the property of my well beloved step-daughter, Harriet E. Gibson, now living in Lafayette, Ind., subject to the provision of article third. If I survive my husband, all or anything I may become possessed of thx’ough his death I desire shall be divided equally between my step-son, John F. Burrow, and step-daughters, Aletta J. Baker and Harriet E. Gibson.”
If it were not for the earnestness and appax'ent sincerity of counsel, we should not feel justified in devoting additional *489time or space to the question, for, to our minds, it is clear that the provisions of the will are not doubtful or obscure. In one event only is Harriet E. Gibson to take the property of her step-mother, the testatrix, and that is in the event that the husband of the testatrix should survive her. We can not inquire why the step-mother chose to make the devise to her step-child depend upon the contingency of the father’s survival. It is not the duty of the courts, nor is it within their power, to search for the reasons which influenced a testator to annex a condition to a devise; their duty is to ascertain whether there is a contingency, and its character and effect. The devise to Mrs. Gibson is made to depend upon the contingency of her father outliving his wife, and the courts can not destroy the force of a clause so clearly and fully framed as the one before us.
There is no absolute devise to Mrs. Gibson, and unless the court inserts such a devise in the will, she can not take the property of the testatrix. Not only is there no absolute devise, but there is a conditional one, and the contingency is the event of the survival of the husband of the testatrix. It is a familiar rule that the express mention of one thing implies the exclusion of all others, and under this rule it must be held that expressly making the devise depend upon the happening of a given event excludes the inference that the devise was intended to be an absolute one.
Mrs. Gibson can only take as the will provides, and as the will makes the devise depend upon a contingency, she can not. take absolutely. She can claim only under the will, for she is not an heir, and can take only upon the condition expressly created by the will, and as that condition failed, so, also, did her claim as sole devisee.
We are bound to adhere to the words of the will unless there is doubt, confusion or obscurity, and there is nothing of the kind here. ' Redfield says there is no rule of construction “ of more universal application, both here and in England, than that the plain and unambiguous words of the *490will must prevail, and are not to be controlled, or qualified, by any conjectural, or doubtful constructions, growing out of the situation, circumstances, or condition, either of the testator, his property, or his family.” 1 Bedf. Law of Wills, p. 430.
Another author says: “ Devises, limited in clear and express terms of contingency, do not take effect, unless the events upon which they are made dependent happen.” 1 Jar-man Wills (4 Am. ed.), p. 743.
At another place this author says: “An estate will be construed to be contingent, if clearly so expressed, however absurd and inconvenient may be the consequences to which such a construction may lead, and however inconsistent with what may be conjectured would have been the testator’s actual meaning, if his attention had been drawn to these consequences.” 1 Jarman Wills, p. 744.
The authorities are not divided upon the proposition that courts can not, except in the clearest cases, change by transposition, alteration, subtraction or substitution, the words of a will, but must take them as they are written. Shimer v. Mann, 99 Ind. 190, see auth. cited pp. 195, 196 (50 Am. R. 82); Rupp v. Eberly, 79 Pa. St. 141; Yearnshaw’s Appeal, 25 Wis. 21.
The language of the will gives Mrs. Gibson the whole estate only upon the condition that the husband of the testatrix' survives her. No precise form of words is necessary to create a condition. As said in Stilwell v. Knapper, 69 Ind. 558 (35 Am. R. 240): “ The word ‘ condition ’ is not necessary to the creation of a condition. Any words that convey the proper meaning will create a condition; ” see page 570. There are many cases illustrating this general doctrine and applying it to cases like the present. In the well considered case of Yearnshaw’s Appeal, supra, the question was considered and decided as we have decided it.
In the case of Illinois Land and Loan Co. v. Bonner, 75 Ill. 315, it was said: “ Did Bogle and Trulear take anything under the will ? We are of the opinion they did not for the i’ea-*491son that the contingency upon which they were to take never happened. They were to take only ‘ in case both said sister and brother should die without issue prior to attaining the ages of eighteen and twenty-one respectively/ The sister and brother did both die without issue, but they did not both die prior to their attaining those ages respectively. One did,' and the other did not, the brother dying before reaching the age of twenty-one, but the sister, not until after having reached the age of eighteen. The terms of this devise over are clear, and free from the least ambiguity. It seems plain that the devise is contingent upon the fact of both Rosalie and Percy dying before reaching the ages of eighteen and twenty-one respectively. * * ' * The testatrix did not in her will provide for the events that have happened, that is, of her sister dying over eighteen and the brother under twenty-one. In such case, the court will not provide for the unforeseen events. ‘ Where the testator, in the disposition of his property, overlooks a particular event, which, had it occurred to him, he would in all probability have provided against, the court will not rectify the omission by implying or inserting the necessary clause; conceiving it would be too much like making a will for the testator, rather than construing that already made/ ” 2 Roper Legacies, p. 1464.
We have perhaps cited more authorities upon this branch of the discussion than necessary, but we have been induced to do so by the zeal and earnestness of counsel.
Counsel for appellants complain that their authorities were not discussed, and infer that they were not considered. Their inference is erroneous; it does not follow that because authorities are not discussed in detail, in the opinion, that they have not had consideration.
Many authorities are cited to the effect that courts must ascertain and give force to the intention of the testator, and we yield undoubting assent to this familiar and rudimental doctrine, but we can not perceive that it aids counsel, for all the authorities agree that the intention is to be gathered from *492the language of 'the will; that it must be the testator’s intention as thus manifested that is given effect, and not the views of the court as to what the will should have provided, and that the court can not supply words to give the instrument a different meaning from that which the language used ordinarily conveys.
It is contended that the intention of the testatrix was to make a disposition of her entire estate, and, therefore, that she intended to make an absolute devise to Mrs. Gibson. There is in this argument a plain fallacy; the conclusion does not follow from the premise, and the premise is not well assumed. The words of the will give an estate to Mrs. Gibson on a contingency, and not otherwise, and it can not be assumed that the testatrix meant the reverse of' what she says. Granting, however, the justice of the assumption, the conclusion does not follow, because the intention was not to dispose of the estate to Mrs. Gibson, except upon a certain event, and the inference is that what was not so disposed of went to the heirs. Waugh v. Riley, 68 Ind. 482. The presumption in such a case as this is in favor of the heirs, and where an estate is devised to a stranger upon a contingency, the contingency must happen, or the heirs will succeed to the estate of their ancestor. The general rule upon this subject is thus stated: “ It is a well known maxim, that an heir at law can only be disinherited by express devise or necessary implication, and that implication has been defined to be such a strong probability that an intention, to the contrary can not be supposed.” 1 Jarman Wills, 465; Rupp v. Eberly, supra.
We are referred to the cases of Allen v. Mayfield, 20 Ind. 293, Richmond v. Vanhook, 3 Iredell Eq. 581, Dunlap v. Dunlap, 4 Desaussure, 305, Coleman v. Hutchenson, 3 Bibb, 209, in support of the proposition, that “ a legacy to one person for life with remainder to another does not lapse upon the death of the first taker during the testator’s life,” but these cases, it is evident, can not exert any influence here, for the question is not whether the devise to the husband lapsed, *493but whether the contingency upon which Mrs. Gibson was to take ever happened ?
We are asked to construe the will “as if Joseph M. Burrow,” the husband, “ had not been named,” but this we can not do, for the words of the will are: “ If my husband survive me, I desire at his death that all I may own or be possessed of shall go to and become the property of my well beloved step-daughter, Harriet E. Gibson.” To strike out the provision creating the contingency would make the will express a meaning entirely different from what its framer intended. The case of Jackson v. Hoover, 26 Ind. 511, is essentially different from the present, for there the persons who claimed the estate were the children of the testator, it appeared that he meant to make provision for them all, and there was no language creating a condition as there is here.
The case of Womrath v. McCormick, 51 Pa. St. 504, is not in point. There the question was whether the remainder was vested or contingent, there was no question as to whether the devise was, or was not, a conditional one. The decision was put upon the doctrine of Mr. Eearne, that “It sometimes happens that a remainder is limited in words which seem to import a contingency, though in fact they mean no more than would have been implied without them, or do not amount to a condition precedent, but only denote the time when the remainder is to vest in possession.” Here no estate, at all is devised except upon condition that the husband shall survive the testatrix. The question is not when a remainder shall vest, but whether, if the designated contingency does not happen, there is any devise at all. Redfield defines a conditional devise thus: “A conditional bequest is where its taking effect or continuing in operation depends upon the happening or not happening of some uncertain event.” 2 Redf. Wills, 283. This describes the devise contained in the will under examination, for the taking effect of the bequest depends upon the contingency of the husband of the testatrix surviving her.
*494The will does not, as is argued, simply fix the time when the devise shall take effect, but it provides that it shall not take effect at all until the happening of the designated contingency. Until that contingency does happen no estate-passes. A standard author says: “ Whenever it appears that the happening of an event, or the performance of an act, was-intended to operate as a condition to precede the vesting of a legacy or devise, it is essential that the event happens, or the act is done, since no interest will previously vest in the-legatee or devisee, as has been shown in the tenth chapter of this treatise.” 1 Roper Legacies, 750. 2 Powell Devises,, 251. Petition overruled.
Filed Sept. 23, 1885.