Appellant duly gave notice of his application and apjilied to the board of •commissioners of White county for a license to sell intoxicating liquors, in less quantities than a quart at a time, to be drunk on his premises. At the proper’time a remonstrance in writing,, bearing the names'of appellees, was'filed with the auditor of the county. 'The remonstrance was filed in pursuance of section nine of an act better to regulate and restrict the sale of intoxicating liquors (Acts 1895, p. 248), which reads:- “Sec. 9.. If, three days before any regular session of the board of commissioners of any county, a remonstrance in writing, signed by a majority of the legal voters of any township, or ward in any city, situated in said county, shall be filed with the auditor of the county against the granting of a license to any applicant for the sale of spirituous, vinous, malt or other intoxicating liquors under the law of the State of *15Indiana, with the privilege of allowing the same to bo drunk on the premises where sold within the limits' óf sáid townslii p, or city ward", it shall bo unlawful thereafter for such board of commissioners to grant such license to such applicant therefor during the period of two years from' the date of the filing of such remonstrance. If any such license should be granted by said board during said period, the same shall bé null and void, and the holder thereof shall be liable for any sales of liquors made by him the same as if such sale were made without license. The'number'to constitute a majority of voters herein referred to shall bo determined by the aggregate vote cast'in said'township or city ward for candidates for the highest office at the last election preceding the filing of such remonstrance.” - It is agreed that the remonstrance does not contain the required' number of signatures, unless the names signed by an agent -under a certain power of attorney are to be counted. By 'the power of attorney the agent, “is hereby authorized to 'sign our names to any remonstrance against the granting of a .license to any person, he may sec fit to remonstrate 'against receiving or having any such license, and to file sucli remonstrance in the office of the auditor of White county, Indiana, at any time he may see fit and present the' same to the board of commissioners of White county, Indiana, and all such power and authority is hereby' granted to otir' said attorney in fact so to do at any time within two' years from the date hereof.” The error assigned is the' overruling of appellant’s motion for a new trial. The only question presented is whether or not the names should be counted which were subscribed to the remonstrance by an agent under' the foregoing power of attorney;
In Castle v. Bell, 145 Ind. 8, it was affirmed that the hearing on an application for a liquor license is a judicial proceeding; that the application is in the nature of a complaint; that a remonstrance on account of the immorality or other unfitness of the applicant is in the nature of an *16answer; and'that, by virtue of §973 Burns 1894, §961 R. S. 1881 and Horner 1897, authorizing a civil action to be prosecuted or defended by a party in person or by attorney, a remonstrance on account of the applicant’s unfitness signed by the remonstrators’ attorney at law is a sufficient compliance with §7298 Burns 1894, §5314 R. S. 1881 and Ilorner 1897, which provides that “it shall be the privilege of any voter of said township to remonstrate in writing against the granting of such license to any applicant on account of immorality or other unfitness as is specified in this act”. Under section nine of the supplemental law of 1895, a remonstrance states facts sufficient to constitute a defense if it alleges the opposition of the remonstrators to the granting of the license. Simply that they are averse to the applicant’s conducting a saloon in their township or ward is enough. That the required number, with proper qualifications, are remonstrants is to be determined by proof. Head v. Doehleman, 148 Ind. 145. Similar proceedings are found in drainage cases in the circuit courts. Sauntman v. Maxwell, 154 Ind. 114. The opposition of a majority of the voters is a defense in the judicial proceeding in which the application for the license is pending. The remonstrance -stating that opposition, though not strictly a pleading, is in the nature of an answer. And it would seem to follow from the decision in Castle v. Bell, supra, that, the parties in interest might prepare, sign, and present their remonstrance in writing by an attorney at law as their representative in the judicial proceeding, — if a party’s signature to a pleading were the only matter involved. Section 240 Burns 1894, §240 R. S. 1881 and Horner 1897 provides that if “the written signature of any person is required, the proper handwriting of such person or his mark shall be intended”, -and concurrently adds that if “a statute requires an act to be done which, by law, an agent or deputy as well may do as the principal, such requisition shall be satisfied by the performance of such *17act by an authorized agent or deputy”. But if it were held that the demands of a statute authorizing the filing of, a certain answer, signed by the party in interest, were fulfilled by the party’s signature made by his authorized attorney in the case, nothing appearing in the statute to require the personal act of the party, such as a personal verification, — the present case would not be ended, because here is involved an act of the principal which, by law, may not as well be done by an agent.
In State v. Gerhardt, 145 Ind. 439, 33 L. R. A. 313, and Massey v. Dunlap, 146 Ind. 350, it was decided that by section nine of the act of 1895 there was created “a species of self-government which by the law is placed in the hands of the people to be exercised by a majority of them as they may judge to bé for their best interest”; that the remonstrance authorized by sbction nine must be against a particular application for license and not against the liquor traffic generally; that, therefore, a general remonstrance against all applications pending and afterwards to be made within two years is unavailing.
The regulation and restraint of the sale of intoxicating liquors is an exercise of the police power of the State. That-power, as an original, primary power, is lodged in the legislature. The legislature has delegated a portion of the power to the voters of the townships and city wards. To each voter is, committed the right to decide whether or not he will oppose any or all applications. He may be hostile to the commerce and determine that he will resist every application. He may favor a well regulated traffic and ■ conclude to thwart only those applicants he deems unfit. As to the voter, the right is delegated, and not primary. A delegated right can not lawfully be redelegated in the absence of express authority to that end frdm the principal. The act of 1895 does not give the voter, in respect to the decision to be made by him, the right of substitution. In *18this case- the voters professed to authorize an agent to sign the voters’ names to remonstrances in such cases as the agent shotild see fit. The decision was not the voters’, but the agent’s, multiplied in power by the number, of signatures to the' remonstrance. The names signed to the remonstrance under this-power' of attorney-should not have been counted, because the' voters may not confer upon another the power of deciding for them the matter committed to their judgment and discretion by the legislature. The effectiveness of an instrument by which the voters should determine for themselves the matter of discretion -and employ an attorney at law or one of their own number to appear in one or all of these judicial proceedings, and prepare, sign and file a remonstrance- in each case, and by which instrument the attorney accepted the employment 'and agreed to act upon the'expressed decision of the voters, is not directly involved in' this appeal.
Judgment reversed,- with instructions to sustain the mo-' tion for a new trial.