On Petition foe a Rehearing.
Lotz, J.The appellee has presented a petition for a rehearing in this cause, and filed an able brief in support thereof.
It is first insisted that the complaint in this case is distinguishable from that in the case of Evansville, etc., R. R. Co. v. Duel, 134 Ind. 156. The latter case was an action to recover for injuries sustained by the plaintiff while coupling cars. It was alleged that the defendant operated and used a defective, unsafe and dangerous switching engine, or locomotive; defective in this, that the throttle valve which let in and cut off the steam from the cylinders of said engine was so defective, or out of repair, that at times said throttle would suddenly fly *66open, and thereby cause said engine to move suddenly and swiftly; that while the plaintiff was attempting to couple a car, being moved by said engine, to another car standing still, the throttle of said engine suddenly flew open and caused said moving car to come suddenly and swiftly against said standing car, catching and mangling the plaintiff’s hands; that the injury was caused “wholly through the fault and negligence of the defendant in carelessly and negligently using said unsafe and defective engine.”
Here is a general charge of negligence, and it is sufficient to impute negligence to everything that the defendant did, or suffered to be done, as was expressly decided in Brinkman v. Bender, 92 Ind. 234. But the court held the complaint bad because there was no direct averment that the defendant had knowledge of the defective machinery, nor the averment of other facts from which knowledge could be imputed to the defendant.
In the case at bar, we have the general allegation of negligence. The other facts averred, from which knowledge might be imputed, are no stronger than in the case to which we have alluded. We think no stress can be laid upon the allegation that the plaintiff was ordered to set the brake. This order was not a special one outside of the plaintiff’s duties.
A servant, in order to charge the master with negligence in failing to supply proper machinery or appliances, must aver and establish three propositions:
1. That the machinery and appliances were defective.
2. That the master had notice or knowledge thereof, or ought to have had.
3. That the servant did not know of the defects. Wood Master and Servant, section 414.
All of these propositions must be averred and proved. The complaint before us covers the first and third prop*67ositions, but falls short on the second, unless the general allegation of negligence is equivalent to an averment that the master had knowlege of the defect. Actionable negligence always involves a breach of duty. Sisk v. Crump, 112 Ind. 504.
A duty or a legal obligation is that which one ought or ought not to do. “Duty” and “right” are correlative terms. When a right is invaded, a duty is violated. Broom Com. Law.
The term “negligence” in noncontractual relations, always imports the breach of a legal duty. Hence negligence is always unlawful. Cooley on Torts (2d ed.), p. 164.
When one is charged with negligent conduct, it is equivalent to saying that he has violated some positive rule of law. It is true the presumption here is that the defendant supplied the plaintiff with appliances which were reasonably safe in the first instance; but there rested upon it an affirmative continuous duty to keep such appliances reasonably safe.
Counsel for appellee argue that if the appellant violated this duty, and such violation be charged as negligent, knowledge of the defect is involved or included in the general charge of negligence, for if the defendant did not have knowledge of the defect, either actual or imputed, then it was not negligent, and the omission to supply reasonably safe appliances would not be negligence; that it is for this reason that the general allegation of negligence in such cases includes and is deemed equivalent to the averment that the master had knowledge of the defect.
Conceding the force of this argument, we are still unable to distinguish this case from that of Evansville, etc., R. R. Co. v. Duel, supra, for that case, if we correctly understand the decision rendered, is to the effect that a *68general allegation ol negligence is not equivalent to averring that the defendant had knowledge of the defects in the appliances. "We must, therefore, adhere to our former decision, that the complaint is insufficient to withstand the demurrer.
The jury, in answer to interrogatories, found that the brake shaft, which was the immediate cause of the injury, had been bent over and afterwards straightened up; that in bending it back to its original position, it became fractured or broken, the fracture extending about one-half through the diameter of the shaft. This occurred a long time before the injury. The fracture became covered with rust and dirt, but could have been discovered by a car inspector or repairer by exercising reasonable diligence.
The appellee further contends that although the complaint be technically defective, it appears from the special findings of the jury that the defendant could have had knowledge of the defect by exercising proper care; that no harm could result to the defendant for want of such averment under these conditions; and that the statute, section 670, R. S. 1894, expressly forbids an Appellate Court to reverse a case under such circumstances.
This contention is not free from difficulty. There are three sections of the statute, revision of 1894, bearing upon this question.
Section 348 provides: “But no objection taken by demurrer, and overruled, shall be sufficient to reverse the judgment, if it appear from the whole record that the merits of the cause have been fairly determined.”
Section 401 is as follows: “The court must, in every stage of the action, disregard any error or defect in the pleadings or proceedings which does not affect the substantial rights of the adverse party; and no judgment *69can be reversed or affected by reason of such error or defect.”
Section 670 is in these words: “No judgment shall be stayed or reversed, in whole or in part, by the Supreme Court, for any defect in form, variance, or imperfections contained in the record, pleadings, process, entries, returns, or other proceedings therein, which by law might be amended by the court below, but such defects shall be deemed to be amended in the Supreme Court; nor shall any judgment be stayed or reversed, in whole or in part, where it shall appear to the court that the merits of the cause have been fairly tried and determined in the court below.”
The plain intent and purpose of these various sections is to prevent a reversal when it affirmatively appears from the record that substantial justice has been done.
Applying this rule to the case at bar, we have here a complaint insufficient for -want of an averment that the defendant had knowledge of the defect in the brakeshaft; and the record, subsequently to the complaint, affirmatively shows that the defendant did have, or might have had, notice of such defect. It would seem that this case falls within the letter and spirit of the statute. But this court must follow that construction and rule adopted by the Supreme Court.
Sinker-Davis Co. v. Fletcher, 61 Ind. 276, was an action by the indorsee of a promissory note against his indorsers. A copy of the note, with what purported to be a copy of the indorsement, was filed with the complaint. The complaint professed to set out a copy of the note, but not a copy of the indorsement. A demurrer was overruled to the complaint. This ruling was held to be erroneous, for the reason that the note and indorsement were different instruments conferring different rights and imposing different obligations.
*70It was then insisted that the complaint ought to be deemed amended in the Supreme Court.
The court said: “But we can conceive of no case in which a complaint will be deemed amended, in this court, which is so defective as that a demurrer filed to it, for want of a statement of sufficient facts to constitute a cause of action, should be sustained, where the question here arises upon the correctness of the ruling below on the demurrer.”
To much the same effect is the case of Utica Tp. v. Miller, 62 Ind. 230 (236).
Friddle v. Crane, 68 Ind. 583, was an action on a promissory note; a demurrer for want of facts was overruled to the complaint; the court made a general finding in favor of the plaintiffs.
On appeal to the Supreme Court the complaint was held insufficient to withstand the demurrer for want of an averment that the note remained unpaid or an equivalent averment. It would seem that a general finding for the plaintiff under such circumstances would be equivalent to a finding that the note was unpaid.
On petition for rehearing it was insisted; (1) that the defect in the complaint was one that might have been supplied by amendment upon the trial; (2) that the defect was supplied by the evidence; (3) that the defect was only of a formal technical character, and as the judgment was right upon the merits there was no sufficient reason for reversing the judgment. The court, however, held that a complaint bad upon demurrer for want of sufficient facts, can not be deemed amended in the appellate court. It is there said that “there is no rule of practice better settled than that a judgment founded upon a bad complaint not cured by the verdict can not be maintained.” See, also, Johnson v. Breedlove, Admr.,72 Ind., 368. The Supreme Court in Pennsylvania Co. v. Poor, 103 *71Ind. 553, said: “Where a complaint is challenged by demurrer, and an exception is reserved, we can not look into the evidence to ascertain whether injury did or did not result. The sufficiency of the complaint is to be determined from the facts stated in it, and not from what may, or may not, appear in the evidence. The court can not examine evidence to determine a question presented by demurrer; for the demurrer presents the questions fully, and the question presented must be decided according to the record.” Again, it is said in Pennsylvania Co. v. Marion, 104 Ind. 239 (243): “Where a demurrer to a complaint is overruled, the complaint must stand or fall upon its own merits.” And in Belt R. R., etc., Co. v. Mann, 107 Ind. 89 (91), it is said: “In such a case, the ruling must stand or fall upon its own merits. The evidence, or the result reached, can not be considered in determining whether the complaint was sufficient.”
In Baker v. Pyatt, 108 Ind. 61, a paragraph of complaint which sought the .reformation of a deed did not set out the deed nor a copy of it, nor was it in any way made a part thereof. A demurrer for want of facts was overruled to this paragraph. This ruling was erroneous as decided in the case of Overly v. Tipton, Admr., 68 Ind. 410; but the court said: “After a careful examination, we have concluded that the merits of the cause have been fairly determined, and that, therefore, under our statute, the judgment should not be reversed simply because a copy of the deed was not filed with the second paragraph of the complaint. R. S. 1881, section 345; Bohn v. Cambern, 106 Ind. 302. The failure to file a copy of the deed, if that rendered the paragraph defective, was a matter somewhat formal in its character. It was a defect that would have been cured by verdict, had there been no demurrer, and such a defect as the above *72the statute requires shall be disregarded, where a cause has been, fairly determined.”
In Conley v. Grove, 124 Ind. 208, a defective complaint was assailed by a demurrer. The cause was after-wards submitted to the court on an agreed statement of facts. The fact essential to make the complaint good was admitted in the agreed statement. It was held that section 670, supra, applied in its full force, and there could be no other finding and judgment except that rendered. But there are defects in pleadings which a general verdict or finding will not cure. Such pleading may be assailed at any stage of the proceeding. If an independent fact essential to the cause of action be omitted, the pleading will be bad on a motion in arrest, or when assailed for the first time in the appellate court. It does not follow that because a plaintiff has a general verdict or finding, every fact essential to sustain a recovery has been found. The general finding, or verdict, is based upon the averments of the complaint. A judgment is the final determination of the rights of the. parties in action. It rests upon the pleadings and proof of the parties. The allegations of fact, in theory, must always be sufficient to invoke the law. If, as a matter of fact, the pleadings be insufficient, but notwithstanding the action has proceeded to judgment, the presumption arises that the pleadings were amended so as to be sufficient to 'support the judgment. Eberhart v. Reister, 96 Ind. 478. The cases of Friddle v. Crane, supra, and the case of Baker v. Pyatt, supra, present the two extreme views. The first case holds that no complaint, when attacked by demurrer, can be cured by verdict or finding, and a reversal must follow; while the latter case holds that a complaint, although defective in formal matters, and attacked by demurrer, yet, if it appear from *73the record that substantial justice has been done, no reversal should follow.
The latter decision is more in consonance with that spirit of liberality and justice intended to be established by our code. It is not every general verdict or finding that will cure formal defects in pleadings assailed by demurrer. Perhaps this is rarely so, but when there is a special verdict or finding, or an agreed statement of facts, in which the fact essential to make the pleading good is expressly found, or where such fact is admitted, or established by the undisputed evidence, no reversal can take place without violating the spirit, if not the letter, of the above sections of the statute. Indeed we perceive no substantial reason why the same rule should not apply to matters of substance as well as to matters of form when the omitted fact is admitted or agreed upon, and this we understand to be the effect of the authorities. It is true that the rules of pleading and practice must he maintained, so that the issues of law and fact may be presented to the court in an orderly and methodical manner; but when every fact essential to invoke the law upon the rights of the parties is either found, admitted, or undisputed, an appellate court ought to have the power to determine whether or not substantial justice has been done by the judgment of the lower court regardless of any ruling or error which does not deprive the adverse party of his substantial rights. Courts exist for the sake of deciding matters in controversy, and of doing justice; not for the sake of disciplining the parties. This doctrine, by statute, has been carried to a great length in England. There the court of appeals has all the powers and duties as to amendments of the pleadings and process as has the trial court, together with discretionary power, upon special grounds, to receive further evidence upon questions of fact, to draw inferences of fact, and to *74give any judgment and make any order which ought to have been made, as the cause may require in the furtherence of the ends of justice. Wilson's Pra. S. C. J. (7th ed.), p. 438.
It is the policy of the law to put an end to litigation and avoid a multiplicity of trials. If in the record of a cause, from its inception to its culmination in a judgment, there be any decision which prevented or tended to prevent the party against whom the judgment was rendered from having a fair trial, then a reversal should unhesitatingly follow; but it is in the line of enlightened jurisprudence to disregard any erroneous ruling when it appears from the record that substantial justice has been done, notwithstanding such ruling.
Our Supreme Court, in the' later decisions, has announced the doctrine that the overruling of a demurrer to a complaint defective for want of the averment of formal matter, is not reversible error when it appears from the record that the final judgment does substantial justice between the parties. We know of no case, and none has been called to our attention in this State, where this rule has been extended to a complaint defective for want of an averment in matter of substance. This case, it is true, differs from any of the cases to which we have referred, in that there is here a special finding in which the fact wanting in the complaint is expressly brought into the record. We are not required to look to the evidence to ascertain whether or not the fact exists; for here we have it found by the special findings, and the special findings are a part of the record. Sohn v. Cambern, supra.
But in view of the decisions of the Supreme Court, to which we have alluded, we do not feel at liberty to go to the extent of holding that a complaint defective in matter of substance can be cured by a special finding. Is *75the matter of knowledge of the defect on the part of the master one of substance or one of form? This is the controlling question. In pleadings the term “matters of form” is used to designate the established mode of expression or practice; a fixed way of proceeding. If the right of the party pleading sufficiently appear to the court, although the pleading do not conform to the established method of procedure, the pleading is said to be defective in matter of form. But if the right do not sufficiently appear to the court the pleading is defective in matter of substance.
Filed April 27, 1894.It does not necessarily follow that because a servant •has sustained an injury, occasioned by defective machinery and appliances, the master must respond in damages. The defect may have been a latent one; or it may have been one that arose suddenly on account of some extraordinary occasion.
To charge the master with liability he must have known of the defect, or facts must be shown from which it appears that he could have known had he been dili-' gent in the discharge of his duty. Knowledge on the part of the master is an essential element in the cause of action. Unless he have knowledge, he has not been guilty of negligence. The right to a recovery does not appear unless knowledge be averred. Knowledge on the part of the master is matter of substance and not matter of form. The complaint being defective in matter of substance, the special findings of the jury do not supply the defect or forbid a reversal.
It is with some hesitation that we have reached the conclusion that the petition should be overruled. It is > accordingly so ordered.
All concur in overruling the petition. The views expressed are those of the writer alone.