Appellees sued appellant to recover damages for failure to furnish cars for shipment of corn from appellees’ elevators at Windfall City, Curtisville and Nevada, Tipton county, Indiana, and at Hemlock, Howard eounty, Indiana.
The amended complaint, as filed, was in six paragraphs, but the third paragraph was dismissed. The first paragraph of the amended complaint, in substance, alleges that the plaintiffs are owners of large and expensive grain elevators at Windfall City, Curtisville and Nevada, Tipton county, Indiana, and at Hemlock, Howard county, Indiana; that defendant owned and operated the only line of railroad passing said stations named, and that it advertised and held itself out as a “carrier of grain to Chicago, Cincinnati, Indianapolis, Baltimore and Newport News without change of cars, and solicited plaintiffs’ business as such through carrier; ’ ’ that from November 22, 1902, to May 23, 1903, plaintiffs purchased and had stored in their said elevators, located at the several points named, large quantities of corn for shipment to Baltimore, Newport News and other markets named, and from day to day between said named dates demanded from defendant cars for the shipment of such corn; that defendant failed to furnish ears for the shipment of the corn from the elevators at the times demanded, or within reasonable time after demand, by reason of -which unreasonable delay in furnishing ears the corn heated in such elevators and was thereby damaged; that plaintiffs *5were compelled to pay interest upon capital used in the purchase of corn, by reason of the defendant’s unreasonable delay in furnishing ears for shipment; that after demand had been made by plaintiffs for ears, and a reasonable time had elapsed for furnishing them, defendant raised its freight rates on corn shipments so that plaintiffs were required to pay an advanced rate when the com was shipped; that after plaintiffs had demanded cars for the shipment of their corn, and a reasonable time had elapsed for furnishing them, the price of corn in the market declined, so that, by reason of the failure of defendant to furnish cars within a reasonable time, plaintiffs suffered loss and damage, in interest paid on money invested in corn, to the amount of $2,000, on account of deterioration of corn by heating in their elevators, $4,000, on account of additional freight paid, because of the raising of the rate by appellant, $2,000, and on account of loss in decline of market, $15,000 — ■ in all $23,000.
The second paragraph of the amended complaint alleges substantially the same facts as the first, except that the second alleges a different theory, as a basis of recovery, and facts in support of such theory, viz.: That at all times from November 22, 1902, to May 23, 1903, defendant was supplied with an ample number of ears and other facilities properly and promptly to receive and transport any and all grain offered for shipment along its lines, including the stations of Hemlock, Nevada, Curtisville and Windfall City, where plaintiffs’ elevators were; that plaintiffs had no other means of shipment than defendant’s line of road, and were at all times ready to pay the. freight charges, but that defendant, during the entire period between the dates named, unlawfully, habitually and wilfully discriminated against plaintiffs and their stations in favor of the cities of Kokomo and Elwood and the town of Bunker Hill, at which points there were competing lines of railroad, and at other points where there were competing lines; that in *6April and May, 1903, plaintiffs were compelled to send 5,000 bushels of heated corn to Toledo, Ohio, to be cured and kiln dried, at a total cost of $500, and the damages claimed under this paragraph are on account of advance in freight rates, $2,000; on account of decline in market price, $15,000; on account of interest, $1,000; on account of deterioration in grain, $1,000; on account of curing grain, $500 — in all $19,500.
The fourth and fifth paragraphs of the complaint are, as to their allegations, the same as the first and second, except that they relate wholly to the business of the firm carried on at the elevator and mill at Windfall City, and operated in the name of Jesse C. Hadley. The sixth paragraph alleges that contracts were made in the name of Jesse C. Hadley for shipments of grain in November, 1902, to John R. Gray, Indianapolis, Indiana, 30,000 bushels of corn, and to P. M. Murphy, Indianapolis, Indiana, 10,000 bushels of corn, and that plaintiffs were recpiired to pay under said contracts, for their default therein occasioned by defendant’s failure to furnish cars, $250 to John R. Gray, and $700 to P. M. Murphy.
Appellant’s motion to separate and number the causes of action set forth in each paragraph of the complaint was overruled, also the separate demurrers to each paragraph thereof. At the close of appellees’ evidence appellant moved to dismiss the cause for want of jurisdiction, but the motion was overruled. The cause was tried before a jury, which returned a verdict for appellees, and judgment was rendered thereon in the sum of $2,500. A motion for a new trial was then made and overruled.
The errors assigned and relied upon in this appeal were: (3) Overruling' the motion to dismiss for want of jurisdiction; (2) overruling* the motion to separate and number the several causes of action set forth in the first, second, fourth, fifth and sixth paragraphs of the complaint; (3) *7overi’iiling appellant’s demurrer to each oí said paragraphs; (4) overruling' the motion for a new trial.
A question of primary importance urged in this case is that of jurisdiction. Appellant contends that since the action was for damages for failing to furnish cars to ship corn, which the evidence showed was to be carried beyond the boundaries of the State, it was an action arising under the interstate commerce act, and that exclusive jurisdiction thereof was vested in the federal courts.
1. It has repeatedly been held that the jurisdiction of all actions, brought under the remedial sections of the interstate commerce act to enforce its provisions, is exclusively in the federal courts.
2. But where the action neither arises fisom said act, xxor is based thereon, a cause, the subject-matter of which pertains to interstate commerce, is one in which a federal question may be raised, and if so, then the federal courts have jurisdiction concurrent with that of the
State courts, and there is proper ground for a petition to remove to the federal courts. Judson, Interstate Commerce, §§44, 248.
The case of Murray v. Chicago, etc., R. Co. (1894), 62 Fed. 24, was an action to recover damages for alleged unreasonable rates charged for transporting freight. At pages 42 and 43 the court said: “A further point is made in support of the demurrer, to the effect that this court succeeds only to the jurisdiction of the state court in which the action was originally brought, and that state courts have no jurisdiction over cases arising out of interstate commerce, the argument being that, as the state cannot legislate touching interstate commerce, the state courts are without power to determine cases of the like character. This position is not well taken. The limitations upon the legislative power of the Nation and of the several states do not necessarily apply to the judicial branches of the national and state govern*8ments. Tlie legislature of a state cannot abrogate or modify any of tlie provisions of the federal Constitution or of the acts, of congress touching matters within congressional control, but the courts of the state, in the absence of a prohibitory provision in the federal Constitution or acts of congress, have full jurisdiction over eases arising under the Constitution and laws of the United States. The courts of the states are constantly called upon to hear and decide eases arising under the federal Constitution and laws, just as the courts of the United States are called upon to hear and decide cases arising under the laws of the state, when the adverse parties are citizens of different states. The duty of the courts is to explain, apply, and enforce the existing law in the particular cases brought before them. If the law applicable to a given ease is of federal origin, the legislature of a state cannot abrogate or change it, but the courts of the state may apply and enforce it; and hence the fact that a given subject, like interstate commerce, is beyond state legislative control, does not, ipso facto, prevent the courts of the state from exercising jurisdiction over eases which grow out of this commerce. Had this action remained in the state court in which it was originally brought, that court would have had jurisdiction to hear and determine the issues between the parties, because congress has not enacted that jurisdiction over cases of this character is confined exclusively to the courts of the United States, and therefore the jurisdiction of the state court was full and complete.”
3. In the case we are considering the action was based upon the carrier’s common-law duty to furnish facilities for shipping, and, although the damage arose by the act of a carrier engaged in interstate business, the action is not one to enforce the act of congress regulating commerce between the states.
*94. *8Had appellant petitioned, at the proper time, for removal from the state to the federal courts, then the cases cited in *9its brief would have been applicable; but since no such step has been taken there was nothing to oust the State of its jurisdiction over the cause of action. The case of Lowry v. Chicago, etc., R. Co. (1891), 46 Fed. 83, relied upon by appellant, was a suit for damages arising from discrimination in freight rates, and the railroad company petitioned for a removal to the federal courts. It was held that since the construction and application of the interstate commerce act was involved, it was a case in which a federal question was raised, and therefore was properly one for removal. The theory of the decision is entirely inconsistent with appellant’s contention that the state courts have no jurisdiction whatever over similar cases, for the right of removal is premised on the fact that the state court does have jurisdiction; but, because a federal question is involved, the party against whom such question is raised in such an action has the privilege, at his election, at the proper time, of having such cause removed to the federal court. This must be so, otherwise there would be the anomalous result that a party, by a petition for removal, would avoid what would otherwise be an absolute defense, i. e., want of jurisdiction to an action brought against him in the state court.
5. The cases pertaining to bankruptcy are not in point in this controversy since, by statute, the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction of matters in bankruptcy.
6. The assignment of error in overruling the motion to separate the causes of action stated in the complaint need not be considered, for the reason that even if the motion were improperly overruled it does not constitute reversible error. City of Huntington v. Stemen (1906), 37 Ind. App. 553; Board, etc., v. Redifer (1903), 32 Ind. App. 93; Brown v. Bernhamer (1902), 159 Ind. 538; Cargar v. Fee (1895), 140 Ind. 572; §346 Burns 1908, §341 R. S. 1881.
*10The sufficiency of the complaint is attacked. The objections will be considered in their order.
8. Appellant also contends that the allegation that it held itself out as a through carrier to the seaboard markets is a conclusion. The objection is not well taken. The averment comes within the well-settled rule that it is not necessary to plead evidence, but that pleading the ultimate fact to be proved is sufficient. Guenther v. Fohey (1901), 26 Ind. App. 93; Pennsylvania Co. v. Zwick (1891), 1 Ind. App. 280, and cases cited.
7. It is first urged that the complaint does not allege the class of cars demanded, or the destination of the grain. It was averred that appellant was a common carrier of grain, that appellees tendered grain for shipment, and demanded “suitable cars” therefor; that appellant held itself out to be a common carrier to certain cities, naming them, among which number was Baltimore, and that appellees “tendered grain for shipment to the markets aforesaid.” There could be no uncertainty, on the part of appellant, as to the class of cars wanted by appellees. When the kind of freight and the destination were made known, and demand made for “suitable ears,” appellees had particularized the class as far as they were lawfully required to do. ' The power to designate the specific cars to be used for these shipments lay entirely with appellant, and it cannot be heard to say that a more exact classification by appellees was necessary.
9. The absence of an allegation that appellant issued bills of lading obligating itself to carry goods to points beyond its own lines is not material to the issues. Such a fact may be material as evidence to support the averment that appellant held itself out as a through carrier to the seaboard, but its absence will not render the complaint insufficient.
*1110. *10The complaint is also attacked for failure to allege payment of the freight on the goods tendered. It was alleged *11that the goods were tendered and that appellees were “willing, ready and able to pay” the charges thereon. The objection will not avail appellant. The action was not for damages for refusing to carry certain specified property. There would be no basis for computing the amount of charges due, since the quantity of grain to be shipped depended entirely upon the number and capacity of cars furnished by appellant. The allegations in reference to charges were sufficient. Central, etc., R. Co. v. Morris (1887), 68 Tex. 49, 3 S. W. 457, 28 Am. and Eng. R. Cas. 50.
11. The allegations as to discrimination were also sufficient. Chicago, etc., R. Co. v. Wolcott (1895), 141 Ind. 267, 274, 50 Am. St. 320. The averments of the complaint were adequate to withstand the demurrer.
12. As ground for the assignment of error in overruling the motion for a new trial, appellant attacks the sufficiency of the evidence. It is earnestly contended that since the shipper knew that goods vere shipped only under appellant’s uniform bill of lading, and since such bills of lading expressly limit appellant’s liability to its own line, therefore appellees knew that appellant was not bound to carry east-bound goods beyond Pittsburg. It is true that said bills do make such a limitation, but there is nothing therein to indicate the terminus of such line. That must be determined entirely by extrinsic evidence, and if appellant has held itself out to appellees as a through carrier to the seaboard it cannot successfully contend that, although it made such representations, it is not bound thereby, for the reason that, as a matter of fact, its road extends only to Pittsburg. The actual extent of a line of railroad is a fact peculiarly within the knowledge of its owners, and the source of information open to those dealing with such road is almost exclusively the representations made by the agents thereof.
*1213. *11Under the recognized rule, that in determining the suffi*12ciency of evidence this court will consider only the evidence favorable to the matter in dispute (Lake Erie, etc., R. Co. v. Stick [1896], 143 Ind. 449; Ewbank’s Manual, §46), it is clear that there was evidence from which the jury could well find, as a matter of fact, that appellant held itself out to appellees as a through carrier to the seaboard.
14. On the question of discrimination, there was evidence to show that appellees were engaged in the same kind of business as those shippers Avho were located at points where appellant had competition, and who were preferred in the assignment of cars. Appellee’s places of business were in close proximity to such competitive points, and their business was conducted in the same manner as that of the alleged preferred shippers. Furthermore, appellees had only one route for shipping their grain, i. e., by appellant’s line. They constantly applied for cars during the time of the alleged discrimination. There was sufficient similarity of conditions shown to justify the admission of evidence to prove the number of ears supplied shippers at competitive points.
15. Since the allegation that appellees were ready, willing and able to pay the freight charges was material, evidence to that effect was admissible
16. Objection is made also to the rule of damages applied in this case, as well as to the evidence admitted as competent to establish the damage to appellees. The cars requested were for shipments of corn to Baltimore. The measure of damages for delay in the shipment of goods intended for sale is the difference between the price of the goods at the time they should reasonably have arrived at the point of destination and the price at the time they actually arrived, less the transportation charges. Michigan, etc., R. Co. v. Caster (1859), 13 Ind. 164; Pittsburgh, etc., R. Co. v. Morton (1878), 61 Ind. 539, 28 Am. Rep. 682; Bridgman v. Steamboat Emily (1865), 18 Iowa 509; Mc*13Govern v. Lewis (1867), 56 Pa. St. 231, 94 Am. Dec. 60; 3 Hutchinson, Carriers (3d ed.), §1370.
17. But the shipper is under a duty so to handle the goods as to reduce the damages as much as possible. He is entitled to have considered, in estimating his damages, the necessary expense to Avhieh he was put in thus reducing the damages. Pittsburgh, etc., R. Co. v. Racer (1892), 5 Ind. App. 209; Louisville, etc., R. Co. v. Flanagan (1888), 113 Ind. 488, 3 Am. St. 674; Pittsburgh, etc., R. Co. v. Morton, supra; Chicago, etc., R. Co. v. Wolcott (1895), 141 Ind. 267, 50 Am. St. 320; Shelby v. Missouri Pac. R. Co. (1898), 77 Mo. App. 205; Fort Worth, etc., R. Co. v. Daggett (1894), 87 Tex. 322, 28 S. W. 525; Sangamon, etc., R. Co. v. Henry (1852), 14 Ill. 156; Briggs v. New York Central R. Co. (1858), 28 Barb. (N. Y.) 515.
18. If then the shipper, in pursuance of his duty to reduce the damages as much as possible, ships the corn to other points and there sells it, the measure of damages Avould be that applied in this case, i. e., the difference betAveen the value of the corn at Baltimore when it should have arrived there and the actual selling price at the point Avhere the grain was disposed of, with the proper adjustment of the difference in the cost of transportation. The time Avhen the corn was sold was a reasonable time when, if ears had been furnished, it should have been placed on the Baltimore market.
Appellant attacks instructions eight, nine, ten, twelve and thirteen, given by the court at the request of appellees, on the grounds that they are incomplete, uncertain, indefinite and misleading.
19. It is a well known rule of this court that instructions will be considered as a whole, and if, when taken together, the law is correctly given, the cause will not be reversed, though a single instruction alone might seem to be incorrect. Cleveland, etc., R. Co. v. Penketh (1901), 27 Ind. App. 210; Indiana, etc., Gas Co. v. Anthony (1901), *1426 Ind. App. 307; Musser v. State (1901), 157 Ind. 423; Morgan v. Hoadley (1901), 156 Ind. 320. When it is evident from construing all the instructions together that the jury was not misled, there will be no reversible error therein. Citizens St. R. Co. v. Hamer (1902), 29 Ind. App. 426; Van Camp, etc., Iron Co. v. O’Brien (1902), 28 Ind. App. 152; Indianapolis St. R. Co. v. Hockett (1903), 159 Ind. 677; Shields v. State (1897), 149 Ind. 395.
20. Instruction eight, given at the request of appellees, is attacked for not being made to apply to a given state of facts, but instruction ten sets out a state of facts, and states that the instruction would apply thereto if such facts were found to be true. The latter instruction also enumerates facts which, if proved, 'would be sufficient to support the finding that appellant held itself out as a through carrier to Baltimore. By instruction three, given at appellant’s request, the jury was told that if delivery of the grain at Baltimore was impossible, the carrier was not under a duty to furnish car’s therefor, thus supplying that alleged deficiency.
21. That there was evidence of discrimination to which the instructions pertaining thereto vrould apply, has been shown. The jury was specifically told, in instruction eleven, requested by appellees, that discrimination was xxxxlawful only when the conditions were similar.
22. It is urged that instruction nine, requested by appellees, is also open to the objectioxx that the facts to which it would apply are not set forth. But at the request of appellant the jury was told that if Baltimore was not on appellant’s line of road, and appellant only offered and undertook to carry corn to the end of its line, it was not liable for failure to transport said corn; and also that there would be no liability for the refusal so to carry unless it was shown by a preponderance of the evidence that appellant was a common earner to Baltimore, or had expressly or impliedly agreed to carry thereto.
*1523. Instruction ten, requested by appellees, told, the jury that if appellant’s lines extended to Pittsburg, and it maintained traffic arrangements with lines connecting thereat and extending to Baltimore and Newport News, so as to have through transportation, and if appellant during said time held itself out as a through carrier to Baltimore and Newport News, it would be liable for all damages resulting proximately from a failure to carry goods offered in accordance with such representations. In other words, the instruction says that if, as between appellant and other lines connecting' at Pittsburg, there was a traffic arrangement whereby appellant could have grain, received on its own lines, transported to said cities without change, but if, as between appellant and those offering goods for shipment, appellant represented and held itself out to be a through carrier to said points of destination, then appellant would be liable for all damages arising proximately from a failure to carry the goods in accordance with such representations. This is a fair .statement of the law as applicable to the facts in this case.
The rule of damages laid down in this case in instruction thirteen, given at the request of appellees, conforms with that indicated in this opinion, and there was nothing therein to mislead the jury.
Considering the instructions as a whole, the law as applicable to the facts herein was correctly submitted to the jury. The record in this case is voluminous, and the briefs exhaustive, but a careful investigation of both has failed to disclose reversible error on the part of'the court below.
Judgment affirmed.
Rabb, C. J., Comstock, Myers and Hadley, JJ., concur, Roby, J., absent,