On October 10, 1881, appellant, a fraternal beneficiary association, issued a benefit certificate for $2,000 to one of its members, Louis Thieme, payable “to persons named in will”. Appellee, as executor of tbe last will and testament of said member, brought tbis action to recover tbe amount specified in such certificate.
Tbe sufficiency of tbe sixth paragraph of complaint to withstand demurrer presents tbe only question for our consideration, and tbis paragraph contains, in addition to tbe foregoing, substantially tbe following averments: Louis Thieme died April 9, 1910, and bis will was duly probated. By its terms the benefit certificate was bequeathed to Jacob L. Bieler, who was also named as executor, and who qualified as such. Appellant’s by-laws limited tbe payment of benefits to tbe immediate family, and blood relatives of tbe member, or persons dependent on him at the time of bis death, and further provided, if any designation of beneficiaries *553should fail for illegality or otherwise, the payment should be made to insured’s widow and children, each sharing equally; if no widow, to his children; if neither, then to his heirs. Appellee does not come within any of the classes specified. Decedent separated from his widow, whose whereabouts, if alive, are unknown to appellee, and left no children, and no heirs in this country, but did leave heirs in Germany, the names of whom are unknown to appellee. Appellee sues as executor for the benefit of whomsoever of the heirs of decedent the Marion Probate Court shall decree is entitled to the proceeds of said insurance. Due notice of the death was given to appellant and payment refused on the ground that decedent was not in good standing when he died, he having been suspended for nonpayment of the April, 1908, assessment. Appellant should be estopped to claim a forfeiture for nonpayment of said assessment for the reasons that said Thieme was fifty-four years old when the certificate in suit was issued and at that time the by-laws of the society provided “each and every member upon presenting himself to receive the third or degree of manhood shall pay to the financial reporter the following rates into the widows’ and orphans’ benefit fund, and the same amount on each assessment thereafter, while he is a member of this order, viz., * * * Between the ages of 53 and 54, $3.50”. Under and by the terms of said section Louis Thieme, at the time he became a member of appellant order, was liable to pay, and upon obtaining membership did pay, $3.50 upon each assessment made against him. The by-laws of appellant were amended at various times and under the amendments Louis Thieme paid $6 on each assessment from 1897 to August, 1899, $8 on each assessment from August, 1899 to September 30, 1905. The by-laws were amended in 1905 so as to require members then over seventy years of age to pay $15 on each assessment. Thieme paid such increased assessment until February, 1908. Again in March, 1907, the by-laws of the order were amended, and each member over *554eighty years of age was thereby required to pay $39.30 on each assessment. Thieme was over eighty years of age, and after the June, 1907, amendment, up to and including February 6, 1908, appellant continued to assess and collect from him $15 for each assessment. In March, 1908, appellant’s financial reporter demanded of decedent the sum of $39.50 for the March 'assessment and notified him that, if such assessment was not paid during the month of March, his insurance would be forfeited. This amount was paid by him under protest. Again in April, 1908, a demand for the same amount was made with the same declaration of forfeiture if it was not paid during that month. This sum he refused to pay, and offered to pay $15, which sum the financial reporter refused to accept, and the certificate sued on was marked by appellant as cancelled and forfeited, and the name of Thieme was struck from its list of members. Appellee and Thieme performed all the conditions of the contract. A copy of the certificate is made a part of the complaint and in it is a provision for the payment of the stipulated amount of insurance “upon condition that said member complies with the laws, rules and regulations now governing this order or that may hereafter be enacted for its government.” The trial court overruled appellant’s demurrer to this paragraph of complaint, and electing to stand on its demurrer and refusing to plead further,' judgment was rendered against it for $2,011.36.
1. Counsel for appellant contend that for several reasons this complaint is insufficient. The first of these is that it affirmatively appears therefrom that the insured had failed to pay the assessment made in April, 1908, and there is no averment tending in any way to show that the assessment provided for by the amended by-law and the amount demanded after such amendment was unauthorized or unreasonable, or that the society did not have the right to demand the payment of such assessment, except that portion of the pleading consisting of a copy of appel*555lant’s by-laws in force when the insured became a member, which fixed the amount of assessment of members of the same age at $3.50 for each assessment, and because he failed to pay the April, 1908, assessment, which was for a larger .sum, appellee’s decedent was not a member of the order, in good standing at the time of his death, and therefore no cause of .action existed in favor of any one on his certificate.
It is the evident theory of the pleader that when Thieme became a member of appellant society his rate of assessment was fixed by its by-laws and that amount could not thereafter be increased, so as to affect him by any change in the by-laws. Broadly stated, the contention is that having once fixed the rate of assessments required to be paid by him to remain in good standing in the order, no-power existed in it to modify or change its by-laws so as to affect the vested rights of its preexisting members without their consent. Such is generally held to be the correct rule in the absence of a provision either in the laws of the order or in the certificate issued to the member, permitting the increase of assessments. The question in this case is, What should be the rule when there is an express provision in the certificate of insurance by which the member agreed to abide by laws, rules and regulations of the order after enacted?
*5572. *555This particular question lias never been determined by the courts of this State, and an examination of the cases in other jurisdictions reveals the fact that they are not.in harmony, but follow two lines of decisions, one holding that under a general reservation of the right to change by-laws, assessments may be raised, the other denying that power, as an infringement of the obligation of contracts. We believe, however, that the cases which support the right under such provisions to raise assessments are founded on the best reasoning and supported by the weight of authority. Indeed, there are some cases which go so far as to hold that when the purposes of an organization such as appellant are considered, the right to amend its by-laws by fair and reasonable *556increase of assessment rates to enable it to accumulate funds out of which its legitimate contracts may be paid, is but one of the powers incident to its corporate existence. Else, it is reasoned, how can the life of such societies be preserved when it becomes evident that by reason of the changing conditions of its membership, previous methods of raising funds and at that time sufficient, have proved inadequate ? Before there can be a fund out of which the death claims can be paid, there must be such a rate of assessment against the members as will produce such fund. A less amount can only result in a dissolution of the society, and serious damage to all its members. So that in instances where the funds are insufficient under present rates of assessment to meet the death claims against it, although considered sufficient when made, there is an inherent power resting in such fraternal benefit societies to so amend their by-laws, as to increase the rate of assessment for the purpose of maturing its contracts, so long as such rate of increase is reasonable and proportional, the young and old members contributing according to the risk assumed in carrying each, without arbitrary discrimination, and does not affect any vested rights possessed by any of such members. Whether this reasoning is strictly correct we need not decide, for here we have an objecting member, who on his account has agreed not only to conform to the present laws of the order, but also to such future laws as may be from time to time enacted by the official body governing the same, and as to such contracts the better reasoned cases hold that assessments may be raised by such societies under such reserved power to amend by-laws. Fullenwider v. Supreme Council, etc., (1899), 180 Ill. 621, 54 N. E. 485, 72 Am. St. 239; Messer v. Grand Lodge, etc. (1902), 180 Mass. 321, 62 N. E. 252; Reynolds v. Supreme Council, etc. (1906), 192 Mass. 150, 78 N. E. 129, 7 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1154, 7 Ann. Cas. 776; Ebert v. Mutual Reserve Fund Life Assn. (1900), 81 Minn. 116, 83 N. W. 506, 84 N. W. 457; Wineland v. Knights of *557Maccabees (1907), 148 Mich. 608, 112 N. W. 696. These cases and many others which might be cited to support the same doctrine, are based upon the rule of necessity. Fraternal benefit societies are said to be mutual in character, each member thereof occupying the dual relation of insurer and insured, and the contracts which he has made with the society, containing a reserved right to amend by-laws, will be construed in such a manner as to enable the society to mature its contracts rather than to cause them to be repudiated, upon the ground that a change in the rate of assessment is necessary to fulfill the purpose of its organization. It certainly is not the policy of the law to create these beneficial societies and yet not permit them by reasonable provisions of their by-laws, to acquire the necessary funds, honestly, fairly and justly to administer them so as to result in the greatest benefit to the greatest number of its members.
3. In opposition to this view, appellee has cited a number of cases, some of which hold that it is an interference with contract rights for a fraternal benefit society by a subsequent by-law to raise the amount of an assessment, others which hold that a subsequent by-law which reduces the amount of the benefit certificate is illegal and void. As we view the proposition, there is a clear distinction between the cases wherein the effect of the change in the by-laws is to entirely alter the promise of the society made with one of its members so as to reduce the promised benefits, and those eases where the changes are made in the rate of assessment for the express purpose of enabling such society to provide a fund sufficient to pay the certificates which it has legally issued as each matures. So far as we are able to discover, all the courts are agreed upon the proposition that under a reserved power to amend by-laws similar to that contained in the present certificate, no amendment can be sustained which will in any manner affect the promise of the society to pay a stipulated sum to one of *558its insured members for, as to suck a promise, the insured has a vested right and may rely upon its strict performance.
This subject is fully discussed in the case of Reynolds v. Supreme Council, etc., supra. In that case the court said: “There are many cases in which it is held that the amount expressly promised to be paid in the certificate like those issued by the defendant can not be cut down by an amendment of the by-laws. * * * But in many of these * * * a distinction is made between the express stipulation of the corporation to pay a certain sum and other provisions relating to the methods of the corporation, and the duties of the certificate holders, which properly may ,be a subject for a regulation by by-laws, even though they affect the rights of the parties under their contract. The assessments to be paid for death benefits in this case are provided for by the by-laws, while the promise in writing to pay a certain sum to a particular person is, as to that person, a matter outside of those corporate rules which may be expected to be changed by an amendment of the by-laws. This promise on one side is set over against the promise of the member on the other. The promise of the member is to do what may be called for by the by-laws then existing or that may afterward be adopted. The promise of the corporation is stated expressly, without mention of the by-laws. The member occupies a dual position, as an insurer and the insured. As one of the association agreeing to provide for the payments that may become due to members, he agrees to be subject to the by-laws. As the insured person to whom a particular sum of money is promised, he has a right to stand on the terms of the promise.”
An examination of many of the cases relied on by appellee, will disclose that they are those where the by-laws were amended so as to affect the fixed promise made to the certificate holder as the person insured, and have no reference to his duties as a member of the society, which has made the specific promise to each certificate holder that the several *559amounts called for therein would be paid in full. In some of the eases which deny the right to raise assessments, the amount of the assessment was provided for in the certificate. However, it would be useless to ignore the fact that there are two lines of authority, and that there is very respectable recent authority which seems to have been-followed by the lower court, and we would have to hold, were we to follow it, that the raise in amount of assessments by appellant was an infringement of contract rights. The law in New York seems to be settled on this point, and other states follow the same rule. Wright v. Knights of Maccabees (1909), 196 N. Y. 391,. 89 N. E. 1078, 134 Am. St. 838, 31 L. R. A. (N. S.) 423; Greene v. Supreme Council, etc. (1912), 206 N. Y. 591, 100 N. E. 411; Smythe v. Supreme Lodge K. of P. (1912), 198 Fed. 967; Ericson v. Supreme Ruling, etc. (1912), 105 Tex. 170, 146 S. W. 160; Poole v. Supreme Circle, etc. (1911), 85 Atl. (N. J.) 821.
1. All the authorities are agreed on two general rules: (1) that under the reserved power to amend laws, rules and regulations, the benefit society may not make an amendment which will impair vested contract rights; (2) that under said reserved power, the benefit society may make reasonable and necessary amendments to its laws, rules and regulations. The conflict arises in the class of cases to which one court applies one of the above rules, while other courts apply the other rule, that is, the courts do not agree as to what are vested rights under benefit contracts, or as to what are reasonable amendments to by-laws. The cases which we have cited to support our position all hold a reasonable, necessary and impartial increase in rates is a reasonable amendment of by-laws, under the reserved power of amendment. The certificate sued on contains an express stipulation that it is “payable upon condition that said member complies with the laws, rules and regulations now governing this order or that may be hereafter enacted for its government.” This provision, we believe, distinguishes the *560case from some of those relied upon by appellee. See Norton v. Catholic Order of Foresters (1908), 138 Iowa 464, 114 N. W. 893, 24 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1030. Questions analogous in general principle to the ease under consideration have been passed upon by the Supreme Court of the United States, and its decisions support our conclusions. See Covington v. Kentucky (1899), 173 U. S. 231, 19 Sup. Ct. 383, 43 L. Ed. 679, and cases cited.
4. That portion of the constitution and laws of the order in force when decedent became a' member, which provides “Each and every member, except honorary members, upon presenting himself to receive the third or degree of manhood shall pay to the financial reporter the following .rates into the widows’ and orphans’ benefit fund, and the same amount on each assessment thereafter, whilst he is a member of this order,” means, in our view, that the specified assessment should remain the amount to be paid by the member on such certificate so long as he remained in good standing in the order, provided that assessment would be sufficient to enable the society to pay to the beneficiary of the members the amounts stipulated in their contracts as they matured, not in part, but in full. If conditions arose in the future which clearly made it impossible to meet such demands, then the members had consented that the by-laws might be so amended as to enable the society to realize sufficient funds from all the members to pay all obligations resting on it as expressed in the several certificates which had been properly issued. In this case the society was not limited as to the number of assessments, and even if we were to hold that it had no right to increase the amount of assessments, it might accomplish the same result by increasing the number of assessments. It may also be well to remember that, from the assessments levied by benefit associations, no reserve is created to take care of an increasing risk, that the member simply pays for insurance from assessment to assessment, and if he fails *561to pay an assessment, is entitled to no extended insurance from a reserve created by former payments, that each assessment is merely a payment for protection for the time for which the assessment is levied, and that having lived past that time, the member has no right in the proceeds of his past assessments. Therefore, if assessments become higher than a member cares to pay, he, having received the full consideration for his past payments, may at any time resign from the order without losing anything. He who contracts for assessment insurance must be considered to have had in mind when the contract was made that there were disadvantages as well as advantages in this form of insurance as contrasted with other forms.
5. 6. There is no averment in the complaint that the amendments of appellant’s by-laws increasing the rate of assessment of decedent were not adopted legally and honestly, nor is there any averment that the increase was not a reasonable one to carry out the purposes and objects of the society, or that there was an abuse of the power reserved to it in the certificate issued to decedent. In cases such as this, it must appear that there was an abuse of power, or that the by-laws as amended were so unreasonable as to be void, before an amendment is unauthorized. Supreme Lodge, etc. v. Knight (1889), 117 Ind. 489, 497, 20 N. E. 479, 3 L. R. A. 409. Although the complaint shows that decedent was paying a very high rate of assessment, and discloses a sudden very large increase in that rate, in the absence of an averment that they were unreasonable, we can not say from these facts alone, that the increase in rates was unreasonable as a matter of law. These facts would be circumstances for the consideration of the jury in determining whether the increase was unreasonable. It is a question of fact to be determined from all the circumstances of the case as to whether the increases were reasonable and necessary, and therefore binding on *562appellee’s decedent, if lie wished to remain insured under his certificate issued by appellant. Appellant’s demurrer to appellee’s sixth paragraph of complaint should have been sustained.
Being mindful of the fact that the complaint may be so amended as to overcome the defects already discussed, and an effort made to proceed further in the name of the executor, it becomes incumbent upon us to pass on the right of appellee to maintain the action.
7. *5638. *562The second question presented in considering the sufficiency of the complaint is, Was the plaintiff a proper party to maintain the action? Appellant’s insistence is that if there is any right of action, it is in the widow, if living, and then, since there are no children, in the heirs, and not in the executor under the will. It might be said that appellant, by contracting to pay the benefits to the person named in the will of Louis Thieme, waived the provision of its by-laws requiring the beneficiary- to be a member of the immediate family, a blood relative, or person dependent upon the member at the time of his death. But our statute provides, as a condition necessary to the doing of business in this State, that fraternal benefit societies shall pay death benefits to the families, heirs, blood relatives, affianced husband, affianced wife, or to persons dependent upon the member. §5044 Burns 1914, Acts 1907 p. 388. This statute, though in force when Thieme designated a beneficiary by his will, was not in force when the contract was made. Appellant contracted with Thieme to pay the benefits to persons named in his will, yet at the time there was a by-law which provided that if any designation should fail for illegality, or otherwise, then the benefits should be paid to the widow and children, if no widow, to the children, if no children, to his heirs. We do not think, in the light of this latter provision of the by-laws, that the agreement by appellant to pay to the persons named in Thieme’s will, could be construed as an agreement to pay to a person *563not in the class designated by the by-laws as the proper recipients of benefits. Then, as appellee can not recover on his own behalf, Can he recover as a trustee for the parties entitled to take? In the case of Gibbs v. Knights of Pythias (1913), 173 Mo. App. 34, 50, 156 S. W. 16, the insurer issued to the insured a certificate “payable to his legal representative or representatives”. By his will the insured member appointed Gibbs his sole legatee, and made him executor of the will. Gibbs was not a member of the class of beneficiaries authorized by the Missouri statute. The court held that Gibbs as executor could not recover either for the benefit of himself as legatee, or of the estate of the insured, but that he could recover in trust for those to whom the benefit should go under the laws and constitution of the order, in event no beneficiary was designated by the insured. The court said, “when the contract has been fully executed, as here, on the one part by the payment of all assessments and dues and the death of the insured, the society will not be allowed to successfully assert, in defense, that the designation in the beneficiary certificate was one of a class of persons not included in the enumeration in the charter of those for whom benefits are to be provided. * * * When a fund, such as this, is sought to be diverted from its proper purpose by will and the suit is by the executor, it is the duty of the court, if it appears the contract has been fully executed on the one- part, to enforce the payment and direct its course to the proper recipient who is qualified as such under the charter. We say this because it is the purpose and the spirit of the law to award the bounties accumulated under benefit certificates to the persons for whom it is designed in the charter the fund should be accumulated, and for the further reason that the executor under the will, or the administrator of the insured, when the certificate so provides is a proper party to prosecute the suit as his representative. But both from the obvious intent and spirit of the statute *564and an express provision to that effect, the benefit is free to the use of the parties designated and from attachment and execution or other claims of the creditors of decedent. * * This being true, plaintiff executor is entitled to recover, but not to his own use as legatee under the will nor to the use of the estate of the insured, for the fund is not technically and strictly an asset of the estate of the insured, but rather special to the use contemplated in the charter. * * * recovery must, therefore, be had in trust, to the use of those for whom the benefit was accumulated under the charter and to whom it should be paid in accordance with the by-laws of the order when no proper designation of a beneficiary has been made. As a rule, the administrator and executor, of course, represent the decedent generally, and, when he recovers in that capacity, recovers to the use of the estate and as available to all persons who have just claims against it. Because of this, it seems anomalous to permit a recovery by him in an action at law as in trust for a special use not available to the estate and the general claims of creditors. However this may be, by our statute * * * the fund is relieved of all liability for the debt of éither the certificate holder or the beneficiary named therein or of any other person who may have a right thereunder, and in view of this the courts seem to have modified this general rule, to the end of effectuating the manifest purpose of the benevolent statutes. The thought is, that this statute qualifies the right of the decedent. Therefore, this court, on a prior occasion, authorized a recovery by the administrator of the beneficiary in the certificate, who died after the decease of the insured member, her husband, and before the certificate was paid, as in trust for her heirs and free from the claims of creditors against her estate. * * * In actions at law the courts “sustain recoveries on such certificates by the administrator or executor as in trust to the use of the parties who are rightfully entitled to the fund. See Shea v. Massachusetts Ben. Assn. [1894], *565160 Mass. 289 [35 N. E. 855, 39 Am. St. 475]; Burns v. Grand Lodge, etc. [1891], 153 Mass. 173 [26 N. E. 443]; Rindge v. New England Mut. Aid Soc. [1888], 146 Mass. 286 [15 N. E. 628]. We believe this to be especially true and the doctrine peculiarly appropriate in those cases where the certificate is payable to the personal representatives as here, but for some inherent, valid reason the administrator himself may not recover for the benefit of the estate. See Bishop v. Grand Lodge, etc. [1889], 112 N. Y. 627 [20 N. E. 562].” In the case of Shea v. Massachusetts Ben. Assn., supra, it was said: ‘ ‘ The defendant contends that the action should have been brought in the name of Margaret B. Shea, the beneficiary. She was the daughter in law of John Shea, and, as both parties contend, was not within the classes of persons who may be beneficiaries. The designation of her as beneficiary, was therefore, invalid, and she could not maintain an action. * * * Such invalid designation, however, does not destroy the contract, which provides that, if Margaret should not be living at John Shea’s death, then the payment should be made to his heirs at law. The executrix may maintain the action for their benefit.” Citing Rindge v. New England Mid. Aid Soc., supra, and Burns v. Grand Lodge, etc., supra.
In the case of Brooklyn Trust Co. v. Seventh Reg., etc. (1906), 113 App. Div. 717, 99 N. Y. Supp. 248, the policy was made payable to “beneficiary, as provided for in will”. By his will the insured left the residue of his estate after certain bequests, to the plaintiff trust company, and the court said, “We think it was the intention of the testator to name the plaintiff, in its character as testamentary trustee, as his beneficiary.”
It was said in the case of Smith v. Supreme Tent, etc. (1905), 127 Iowa 115, 102 N. W. 830, 69 L. R. A. 174. “It seems to be well settled that, where the beneficiary named is incapable of taking the proceeds under the law, the administrator of the deceased person can recover the *566proceeds, just as he might if no beneficiary had been named.” In the case of Janda v. Bohemian, etc., Union (1902), 71 App. Div. 150, 75 N. Y. Supp. 654; the fund was by the terms of the by-laws made payable to the “legal heirs”, and the question was whether the widow as administratrix was entitled to maintain the action. The court, said, quoting from Bishop v. Grand Lodge, etc., supra, a similar case, “We also think the plaintiff had sufficient interest in the fund to sustain this action in her capacity as administratrix. It is true the fund does not come into her hands technically and strictly as assets of the estate of her intestate, nor is it to be liable for his debts. But the plaintiff, in her capacity as administratrix, represents both herself and those others who are entitled to receive the fund as its intended beneficiaries, for it comes to them by reason of the membership of the deceased, and the plaintiff is a quasi trustee for the children, and as administratrix represents them in this action. * * * The action is properly brought in the name of the plaintiff.”
All the cases cited above, and others, seem fairly to support the contention that appellee is a proper party plaintiff. The case of Gibbs v. Knights of Pythias, supra, is almost on all fours with the present case. There are practically no authorities in direct opposition to appellee’s contention, although certain general rules of law would seem to favor appellant’s views. However, we belieye, since appellee was named in Thieme’s will as beneficiary and as executor, enough effect should be given to Thieme’s attempt to exercise the power he had of naming the beneficiary, to allow appellee as executor to maintain this action, as a trustee for the persons entitled to the proceeds of the benefit certificate, under the by-laws and constitution of the order, and the statutes of Indiana.
For reasons previously indicated, the court erred in overruling appellant’s demurrer to appellee’s sixth paragraph *567of complaint, and. for this reason the judgment is reversed, with directions to sustain said demurrer.
Note.—Reported In 105 N. E. 244. As to mutual or membership features specially applicable to life or accident insurance, see 52 Am. St. 543. As to the right of a mutual benefit society to increase rates, see 7 D. R. A. (N. S.) 1154; 31 L. R. A. (N. S.) 417. See, also, under (1) 29 Cyc. 79, 74; (2) 29 Cyc. 66; (3) 29 Cyc. 79; (4) 29 Cyc. 68, 79; (5) 29 Cyc. 72, 79; (6) 29 Cyc. 247; (7) 29 Cyc. 121; (8) 29 Cyc. 218.