This is an appeal from a judgment against appellant, the State of Indiana, in an action wherein it is sought to quiet title to something oyer 8,700 acres of land situate in Laporte and Starke counties. The suit was filed in the Starke Circuit Court and a trial in that court resulted in a finding and judgment against the State. On separate motions made by appellant, a new trial as of right was granted and the cause was venued to the Laporte Circuit Court. A trial in that court resulted in the finding and judgment hereinafer indicated.
The complaint was in two paragraphs, each of which alleges that the appellant is the owner in fee simple of the real estate in controversy, and is in the usual form of a complaint to quiet title, the difference between the paragraphs being merely in the manner of describing the real estate. The real estate is all in township 33 north, range 3 west, and the subdivisions of the sections involved are described in the first paragraph of the com*559plaint as follows: (We do not repeat number of township and in other respects abbreviate description.) In Laporte County: All that part of the S. hf. of the SE. qr., sec. 3, lying E. of the meander line of the U. S. survey. All that part of the SE. qr., sec. 19, lying E. of the meander line of U. S. survey. In Starke County: All that part of the S. hf. of see. 21, lying between the meander line of the U. S. survey on the E. and the old channel of the Kankakee River on the W. All that part of the N. hf. of sec. 21, lying E. of the old channel of the Kankakee River. All that part of the NE. qr. of the NW. qr. of see. 28, lying west of the meander line of the U. S. survey (in both Laporte and Starke counties). All that part of see. 10, lying E. of the meander line of the U. S. survey. All that part of see. 16, lying E. of the meander line of the U. S. survey. All that part of see. 20, lying E. of the meander line of the U. S. survey. All that part of see. 29, lying W. of the meander line of the IJ. S. survey. All that part of the E. hf. of see. 30, lying between the meander lines of the U. S. survey. All that part of the NE. qr. of sec. 31, lying between the meander lines of the U. S. survey.
The second paragraph describes the real estate in controversy by courses and distances, following what is indicated on the government plat (which plat hereinafter appears in this opinion) as the meander lines of the Kankakee River and including all the territory between such lines consisting of something over 5,500 acres and then excepting therefrom section 14, and so much of section 11 as lies within such boundaries, and in Starke County, and excepting also that part of section 16, within such boundaries and section 15, in Laporte County.
Appellees, Pinney and Biddle, hereinafter re*560ferred to as P. & B. filed a cross-complaint in four paragraphs. A demurrer filed by appellant to each paragraph of this cross-complaint was sustained as to the second and third paragraphs and overruled as to the first and fourth paragraphs. The first paragraph of cross-complaint was in the usual form to quiet title to all of sec. 21, in township 33 N., range 3 W., in Laporte and Starke counties, except the SE. • qr., and the SE. qr. of the SW. qr. of said section.
For' the reasons hereinafter indicated, it is not necessary that we set out the averments of said fourth paragraph further than to say that it seeks to reform the description of the real estate described in the letters patent issued by appellant to appellees, and to quiet title to the real estate included in the reformed description. A denial to each of the paragraphs of complaint and cross-complaint, by the respective defendants thereto, closed the issues.
Upon the issues thus formed there was a trial by the court, and a general finding as follows: “That the plaintiff is the owner in fee simple of all that portion of section 2, 11, 23, northeast quarter section 3, northeast quarter section 22, west half northwest quarter section 28, which lies within or between the meander lines of Kankakee River in said township and range, and is entitled to have its title quieted thereto; that the cross-complainants, Pinney and Biddle, are the owners in fee simple and should have their title quieted to all that portion of section 21, in said township and range, north and west of the thread of the Kankakee River, as the same was before the artificial straightening thereof; that as to all the other lands involved in the complaint the plaintiff is not the owner thereof.” A motion for new trial filed by appellant was overruled and judgment. *561rendered in accord with the finding. The errors assigned and relied on for reversal' by appellant are the rulings on its demurrer to the fourth paragraph of cross-complaint of appellees, P. & B., and the ruling on its motion for new trial.
Numerous questions relating to the admission of evidence are presented by appellant’s motion for new trial, but the conclusion which wé have reached on that ground of the motion_which challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the decision of the trial court renders unimportant all other questions presented by the appeal, including that of the ruling on the demurrer to the fourth paragraph of P. & B.’s cross-complaint. We therefore go directly to a consideration of the question of the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the decision of the trial court.
The appellant introduced in evidence the patent from the United States to the State for the lands in controversy, which is as follows:
“The United States of America. No. 2. To all to whom these presents shall come, greeting: Whereas, by the Act of Congress approved September 28th, 1850, entitled ‘An Act to enable the State of Arkansas and other States to reclaim the “Swamp Lands” within their limits’, it is provided that all the ‘Swamp and Overflowed Lands’, made unfit thereby for cultivation within the State of Indiana, which remained unsold at the passage of said Act, shall be granted to said State; and Whereas, in pursuance of instructions from the General Land Office of the United States, the several tracts or parcels of land hereinafter described have been selected as ‘Swamp and Overflowed Lands’, enuring to the said State, under the Act aforesaid, being situated in the District of Lands *562subject to sale at Winamac, Indiana, to wit:” (We abbreviate and change the order of the descriptions.) Also W. hf. of SE. qr.-, the W. hf. NE. qr., the NE. qr. of NE. qr. and the W. hf. sec. 1, the E. hf. or lots Nos..2, 3 and 4, the NW. qr. of the NE. qr., the E. hf. of NE. qr. and the E. hf. of the SE. qr. sec. 2. The W. hf. of NW. qr., the SE. qr. of the NW. qr. and the SW. qr. or the W. hf. of SW. qr. and lots Nos. 3 and 4 of sec. 3. The whole of sees. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 17, 18, 24 and 32. The whole of fractional secs. 10, 11, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 28,29, 30 and 31. The E. hf. of the SW. qr. of the SW. qr., the E. hf. of the NW. qr., NW. qr. of the NW. qr. and the E. hf. of SW. qr., sec. 19. The S. hf. SW. qr. the W. hf. SE. qr. and the N. hf., sec. 25, The NE. qr. of the SW. qr. and the N. hf., sec. 26. The N. hf. SE. qr. the SW. qr. and the N. hf., sec. 27. The N. hf. of the NE. qr. and the W. hf., sec. 38. The S. hf. of NW. qr., the N. hf. of SW. qr. and the NW. qr. of SE. qr., sec. 35. All in Tp. 33 N., R. 3 W., “containing in all fifteen thousand and eighty-three acres and eleven-hundredths of an acre, according to the Official Plats of Survey of the said lands returned to the General Land Office by the Surveyor General. And for which the Governor of the said State of Indiana did on the eighteenth day of December, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-two request a patent- to be issued to the said State, as required in the aforesaid Act. Now therefore, know ye, That the United States of America, in consideration of the premises, and in conformity with the Act of Congress aforesaid, have given and granted, and by these presents do give and grant, unto the said State of Indiana, in fee simple subject to the disposal of the Legislature thereof, the tracts of land above described. To have and to hold the same, together with all rights, privileges, immunities and appurtenances there*563to belonging, unto the said State of Indiana, in fee simple and to its assigns forever. In testimony whereof,” etc.
Upon this evidence appellant rested its case. The appellees Tuesburg Land Company and Northern Trust Company, trustee, hereinafter referred to as T & N, then introduced in evidence numerous letters patent, twenty-seven in all, issued by the State to the several respective purchasers therein named, by which the State conveyed to such purchasers' the marginal lots or surveyed subdivisions of the land outside of and abutting on what is indicated in the government plat as being the meander lines of the Kankakee River. Patent No. 23,440 is as follows:
“The State of Indiana. No. 23,440. $64.87 Letters Patent. To all to whom these Presents shall come, Greeting: Whereas, George H. Birch has filed, with the Secretary of State of the State aforesaid, the Certificate of the Auditor of State, whereby it appears that full payment has been made according to the provisions of an Act of the General Assembly of the State of Indiana, approved May 29, 1852, entitled ‘An Act to regulate the Sale of the Swamp Lands donated by the United States to the State of Indiana, and to provide for the draining and reclaiming thereof, in accordance with the condition of said grant,’ and also of the several Acts supplemental thereto, for the Lot No. One in the North West quarter of Section number Ten in Township number Thirty-three North, of Range number three West, containing Fifty one 90-100 acres, be the same more or less, situate in LaPorte County, where said lands were offered for sale. Now know ye, That the State of Indiana, for and in consideration of the sum of Sixty four 87-100 Dollars paid as aforesaid, as appears by Certificate number 23,440, has given, *564granted, bargained and sold, and by these presents does give, grant, bargain and sell, unto the said George H. Birch and to his heirs and assigns, the said tract above described, together with all the rights, privileges, immunities and appurtenances of whatsoever nature thereto belonging to have and to hold the same forever. In testimony whereof,” etc.
All the other patents are in form the same, except No. 54, which differs from the others in the manner of descriptions, viz., It describes the land by lot number, as follows: “Lot number 2 in section twenty-one (21), and lot number one (1) in section twenty-eight (28)”, etc. These several patents show' that each was made in accord with the description shown on the government plat, and also show that the State has conveyed the marginal lots or fractional subdivisions shown on such plat to abut on the Kankakee River, in so far as the finding of the trial court was against the State. In other words, in so far as the finding of the trial court was against appellant, it had, by said several patents, conveyed the marginal lots or subdivisions shown on such plat as being adjacent to and abutting on the Kankakee River.
The plat of the government survey of. said township 33, on file in the State auditor’s office, before referred to herein, was introduced in evidence by appellees. Appellant has filed with its brief a copy of this plat which we appropriate and make a part of this opinion, which plat is as follows:
*565
*566The original field notes on file in the state auditor’s office from which the plat was made were offered, and over appellant’s objection and exception, were admitted and read in evidence. These notes describe the character of the land in the different subdivisions of the territory outside of the meander lines, in the following words: “Nearly all marsh,” “slough”, “land covered with ice”, “land all ice”, “land a Jake of ice”, “all floating muck”, “land a miserable floating marsh”, “land all marsh or deep water”, “land beggars description”, “this town is not worth describing”. It should also be stated that wherever, in the field notes, reference is made to the territory indicated on the government plat as “Kankakee River” it is always designated ás “river” or “Kankakee River”. Every section line indicated on said government plat, when referred to in the field notes as running from an established corner in any direction to a point where there is no established corner, is made to terminate at a point designated as being on the right or left bank of the “Kankakee River”.
Appellees also introduced in evidence plats of said township 33 on file in the office of the auditor of Laporte County, and a like plat on file in the auditor’s office in Starke County. These plats show the lands in controversy, and the lots and subdivisions of sections abutting on the meander line of the Kankakee River substantially as shown by the government survey.
The cross-complainants, P. & B. introduced in evidence the following certificates of which we indicate parts only: (1) A certificate of the auditor of state as_to the correctness of the record of the following description of lands recorded in tract books in the State auditor’s office, viz., *567fraction in the NW. corner of section 21, in township 33 north, of range 3 west, containing nine (9) and eighty-hundredths of an acre, patented to William B. Biddle and William E. Pinney, April 4, 1874, No. 24,636, vol. 54, page 356, Laporte County. Lot 1 in the SE. qr. of section 21, in township 33 north, of range 3 west, containing 65.60 acres, patented to A. G. W. Sherman, July 16, 1871, No. 24,401, page 119, Starke County. Lot No. 2 in the SE. qr. of section 21, in township 33 north, of range 3 west, containing 36.80 acres, patented to Edward Hawkins, November 25, 1884, No. 54, vol. X, page 54, sold under act of 1883, Starke County. (2) Copies of certificates of sales of swamp land, issued by the treasurer of Laporte County during the ninety days ending March 27, 1874. Treasurer’s office, etc. “Received of William B. Biddle and William E. Pinney, of Laporte County, in the State of Indiana, the sum of twelve dollars and twenty-five cents, being the purchase money for the fractional part of section No. twenty-one (21) north and west of the Kankakee River, in township No. thirty-three (33) north, of range three (3) west, containing nine (9) and (80) hundredths of an acre, more or less which entitles the said William B. Biddle and William E. Pinney to a deed from the State of Indiana for said land on presentation of this certificate to said treasurer. G. W. Mecum, treasurer of Laporte County.” No. 24,637. Treasurer’s’ Office, etc. “Received of William E. Pinney of Laporte County in the State of Indiana the sum of eight dollars and sixty cents, being the purchase money for the fractional part of section No. fifteen (15) north and west of the Kankakee river, in township No. thirty-three (33) north, of range three (3) west, containing six (6) acres and ninety' (90) hun*568dredths of an acre more or less, which entitles,” etc. Here follows the respective certificates of the treasurer and auditor of Laporte County and of the auditor of state, certifying to the correctness of the above, which we need not set out.
P. & B. also offered and read in evidence their patent from the State which is as follows: '
“No. 24,636. $12.25. The State of Indiana. Letters Patent.. To all to whom these presents shall come, Greeting: Whereas, William B. Biddle' and William E. Pinney have filed with the Secretary of State of the State aforesaid, the Certificate of the Auditor of State, whereby it appears that full payment has been made according to the provisions of an Act of the General Assembly of the State of Indiana, approved May 29th, 1852, entitled ‘An Act to regulate the sale of the swamp lands donated by the United States to the State of Indiana, and to provide for the draining and reclaiming thereof, in accordance with the condition of said grant’, and also of the several Acts supplemental thereto, for the fractional north west quarter of Section number Twenty one (21), in Township number Thirty three (33) north, of Range number three (3) West, containing Nine 80-100 acres, be the same more or less, situate in LaPorte County, where said lands were offered for sale". Now Know Ye, that the State of Indiana, for and in consideration of the sum of Twelve 25 — 100 Dollars, paid as aforesaid, as appears by Certificate number 24,636, has' given, granted, bargained and sold, and by these presents does give, grant, bargain and sell, unto the said William B. Biddle and William E. Pinney, and to their heirs and assigns, the said tract above described, together with all the rights, privileges, immunities and appurtenances of whatsoever nature thereto belonging”, etc.
Appellees, T & N offered and read in evidence *569a deed from the English Land Company to the Tuesburg Land Company, which for the purposes of this opinion need not be set out..
The oral testimony 'given in the case, briefly stated, was to the following effect: Pinney testified that he purchased the land for himself and Biddle; that he examined the plat on file in the auditor’s office of Laporte County before his purchase; that he paid taxes on the.land up to the time of the litigation; that he had the land surveyed to ascertain how much they might have under their purchase; that they rented the land to the English Land Company and did other acts of ownership, etc. Charles H. Tuesburg testified that, after receiving its deed from the English Land Company, the Tuesburg Land Company took possession thereunder and has ever since continued in possession of the lands described in its deed; that it made improvements on the land, cultivated a part, including some of the land within the meander lines; that it sold marsh hay and did other acts of ownership, including work of reclamation by ditching and cutting timber both outside and inside the meander lines of the Kankakee River; that the ditch constructed by the Kankakee Reclamation Company in 1903, 1904 and 1905 through the territory involved was simply a widening, deepening and straightening of the old channel of the Kankakee River cutting through the bends and furnishing an artificial channel for such river.
George D. Parks testified in rebuttal concerning a survey made by him in the year 1901, under the direction of Governor Durbin, by which he surveyed all the lands involved; that he did not run on the face of the ground, the meander lines as laid down by the government survey, but that *570he ran the section lines and made notes from where those section lines crossed the meander lines and then in preparing the plat, from the government courses and distance' of the survey made by Jeremiah Smith, he, Parks, platted on his plat the meander lines, checking it up with the notes he made in his survey; that he did not run along the meander lines; that, on both sides of the river, he ran all of the section lines that embraced any land in any section within the meander lines and platted on his plat the meander lines and their true location on each side of the river; that some of the notations which he made on the plat between the meander lines are technical marks that indicate where trees are located and where fresh marsh land exists; that the marsh land is indicated by short marks, three or four side by side and underlined with a short horizontal line; that the locations of trees are indicated by short broken curved lines; that the river had definitely defined banks; that when he made his survey there was along the banks, in places, a growth of ash, maple, elm, willow and sycamore timber; that the longest distance from the meander line to the channel of the river or banks that he noted was along the south lines of sections 14, 15 and 16, where the distance is about two miles and a quarter; that the nearest point is where the river crosses the north boundary line of the township; that he measured between the banks at that point when he made his survey and it was then 114 feet between the banks; that between the banks of the river proper and the meander line at the time he made his survey, beginning in section 2, the growth of trees was almost entirely on the west side of the river; that near the north half of the section there were but very few trees, but the south half of the see*571tion, between the river and the section- line, was all covered with trees; that this growth of trées extended into section 3 for several hundred feet; that there was a growth of trees in section 10 several hundred feet in width on the west side of the river, and between the section line and the river on the east side it was covered with trees; that there were some trees in section 11 on the east bank of the river, and the line between sections 10 and 11 ran through a forest all the way; that in section 21 there were trees growing upon both banks of the river, extending from a few. feet to several hundred feet on either side; that there were a few trees in section 20, down in the southeast corner on the north bank of the river; that in section 29 there were a few trees on either side of the river; that in section 30, for a distance of a half mile along the river line, there were a few trees on either side; that the trees varied from the smallest timber in size up to (some few) trees as large perhaps as two feet in diameter, but the most of them were less than • a foot in diameter; that the most of the larger trees had been cut off; that this was shown by the stumps; that some of the stumps would run as high as three feet in diameter, but many of them were from eighteen inches to two feet, and were mostly ash and maple, with some sycamore and a few black gum; that there was then no cultivated land between the meander lines except a little in section 14; that the rest of the growth, besides the trees mentioned, was marsh grass, cane brakes, rose briars, weeds and other grasses, that are usually found in a fresh marsh.
A copy of the plat of the survey made by Mr. Parks is set out in appellant’s brief and we appropriate it and make it a part of this opinion. It is as follows:
*572IMAGE
*573Appellant introduced a number of other witnesses who resided along the Kankakee River and who testified in rebuttal as to the location of the Kankakee River since they had known it, the character of its banks, the width of the stream within its banks, the extent of the wet and overflowed land outside of its banks, and between such banks, and the meander lines of such river as shown by the plat of the government survey before set out herein, the character of the vegetation and timber on such land, etc.
It is not necessary, however, to proceed further with the evidence. We have indicated' enough thereof to show that the controlling ■ facts in the case are not disputed. They are as follows: The lands conveyed by the United States patent involved in this suit are described as fractional sections, except as to sections 1, 2 and 3 where the portions conveyed are described- as lots or other fractional subdivisions of a section. The patent by which the State obtained its title and the several patents through which it passed title, in terms convey nothing but surveyed lands, and' describe surveyed lands only; that is to say, they describe only' sections, fractional sections, lots or subdivisions of sections which have no existence independent of a survey. The acreage conveyed by the patent from the government corresponds to the acres contained in the surveyed lots and subdivisions and does not include the acreage in the unsurveyed or meandered territory. The land in dispute lies wholly within the boundary lines of what is designated on the government survey as “Kankakee River”, and represents only that territory necessary to, and which does in fact com-' píete the fractional sections and subdivisions thereof designated and indicated on said plat as sur*574veyed and as being bounded by the meander line of such river. In other words, the fractional sections bounded by the meander lines of the territory designated on such plat as “Kankakee River” are made fractional by reason of the meandering of such river; and, by extending the section, half-section and quarter-section lines, indicated on said plat, through the territory lying between the meander lines of said river such abutting fractional sections and subdivisions of sections will be perfected and completed. The State by its patent obtained title to all the fractional sections, lots and subdivisions of sections, indicated on said plat as actually surveyed and as being adjacent to,the territory delimitated by the meander lines of the Kankakee River. As shown by the plat, the lines of the survey were not actually run across the territory indicated on the plat as “Kankakee River”, and consequently there was no attempt made at the time of such survey to subdivide into legal subdivisions the territory, whether land or water, included between' the meander lines. On the contrary, the lines of survey were in fact run around the rim or edge of such territory and the fractional lots resulting from the meander lines were given numbers.
1. *5752. *574Do these facts uphold the finding and decision of the trial court before indicated? This being an action by the State to quiet its title to the lands in controversy, the burden is on it to prove that it had title when it began this action. This burden can be discharged by proof of its own title and not by proof that the defendants have no title. §1103 Burns 1914, §1057 R. S. 1881; Craig v. Bennett (1897), 146 Ind. 574, 45 N. E. 792; Blake v. Minker (1894), 136 Ind. 418, 36 N. E. 346; Graham v. Lunsford *575(1897), 149 Ind. 83, 48 N. E. 627; Crotz v. A. R. Beck Lumber Co. (1905), 34 Ind. App. 577, 585, 73 N. E. 273. It follows that our first inquiry should be whether the State ever obtained title to the land' in dispute. As hereinbefore indicated, the State depends for its title on the patent issued to it by the United States government under the Swamp Land^Act passed by Congress in 1850, and hence the determination of the question suggested requires us to determine whether the United States government by such act and its patent issued thereunder parted with title to the land in controversy. Under the great weight of authority the question, whether title to land which was once the property of the United States government has passed from it, wherever presented,, whether in a state or Federal court, must be determined by the laws of the United States. Irvine v. Marshall (1858), 20 How. 558, 15 L. Ed. 994, 999; Wilcox v. Jackson (1839), 13 Pet. *498, 10 L. Ed. 264, 273; United States v. Gratiot (1840), 14 Pet. *526, *537, 10 L. Ed. 573, 578; Gibson v. Chouteau (1872), 13 Wall. 92, 20 L. Ed. 534, 536; Packer v. Bird (1891), 137 U. S. 661, 11 Sup. Ct. 210, 34 L. Ed. 819; Shively. v. Bowlby (1894), 152 U. S. 1, 34, 14 Sup. Ct. 548, 38 L. Ed. 331, 347; St. Anthony Falls, etc., Co. v. Board, etc. (1897), 168 U. S. 349, 18 Sup. Ct. 157, 42 L. Ed. 497, 502; Gutierres v. Albuquerque Land, etc., Co. (1903), 188 U. S. 545, 23 Sup. Ct. 338, 47 L. Ed. 588; United States v. Rio Grande Dam, etc., Co. (1899), 174 U. S. 690, 19 Sup. Ct. 770, 43 L. Ed. 1136, 1142; Bagnell v. Broderick (1839), 13 Pet. *436, 10 L. Ed. 235; Act of July 26, 1866 (14 Stat. at Large 253, Chap. 262); Act of March 3, 1877 (19. Stat. at Large 377, Chap. 107); Act of March 3, 1891 (26 Stat. at Large *5761095, Chap. 561); Act of June 17, 1902 (32 Stat. at Large 388). However, there seems to be an exception to, or a departure from, this rule in. the case of Hardin v. Jordan (1891), 140 U. S. 371, 11 Sup. Ct. 808, 35 L. Ed. 428; and Mitchell v. Smale (1891), 140 U. S. 406, 11 Sup. Ct. 819, 35 L. Ed. 442, the latter case being based on the former, and the case of Kean v. Calumet Canal, etc., Co. (1903), 190 U. S. 452, 23 Sup. Ct. 651, 47 L. Ed. 1134, to which cases we will have occasion to refer later in this opinion.
3. It is insisted by appellees, in effect: (1) that the lands involved, though shown on the government plat as lying within the meander lines designated as “Kankakee River” were surveyed, and that, if surveyed, the marginal lots shown upon the plat to abut upon such river extend to the extreme boundaries of the sections and hence that' the patents of the United States and of the State, by conveying the marginal lots or fractional sections and subdivisions thereof, necessarily included the abutting territory which was necessary to complete such fractional sections, or subdivisions thereof; (2) that, if such lands are in fact unsurveyed and the patent of the United States covers them (as is claimed by appellant), it does so by virtue of the common-law doctrine of riparian ownership, and hence that the patents issued by the State, by reason of the same doctrine, have deprived the State of its title. Upon the question first suggested, there are two lines of decisions of our Supreme Court, which maybe divided as follows: (1) Those prior to Stoner v. Rice (1889), 121 Ind. 51, 22 N. E. 168, 6 L. R. A. 387, viz., Ross v. Faust (1876), 54 Ind. 471 23 Am. Rep. 655; Ridgway v. Ludlow (1877), 58 Ind. 248; Edwards v. Ogle (1881), 76 Ind. 302; *577State v. Portsmouth Sav. Bank (1886), 106 Ind. 435, 459, 7 N. E. 379. (2) The case of Stoner v. Rice and those subsequent to it, viz., Brophy v. Richeson (1894), 137 Ind. 114, 36 N. E. 424; Tolleston Club v. State (1895), 141 Ind. 197, 38 N. E. 214, 40 N. E. 690; Kean v. Roby (1896), 145 Ind. 221, 42 N. E. 1011; Tolleston Club v. Clough (1896), 146 Ind. 93, 43 N. E. 647; Mason v. Calumet Canal, etc., Co. (1898), 150 Ind. 699; Gary Land Co. v. Griesel (1913), 179 Ind. 204, 100 N. E. 673. Whether each of these cases in its class may be reconciled with the other cases of its class may be open to doubt, but that there is conflict between cases of the one class with eases of the other class seems certain.
A review of these decisions in so far as they affect the subject involved is well elucidated by Mr. Justice White in a very able dissenting opinion rendered by him in the case of Kean v. Calumet Canal, etc., Co., supra. (Same case, Mason v. Calumet Canal, etc., Co., supra.) An examination and careful study of his review of these cases and of his discussion and disposition of the same questions here involved will be enlightening and will at the same time disclose the difficulty of ascertaining from the decided cases any sure and correct guide to a determination of the questions presented by this appeal. In speaking of the holding of the Indiana Supreme Court in the ease of Kean v. Calumet Canal, etc., Co., supra, Justice White in such dissenting opinion said: “The court below held, although the United States survey had not, in fact, been extended beyond the meander line and the lots conveyed by the United States were described as fractional on the plat and in the patents, that the patentees yet took' full sub*578divisions. The principle applied was this: Where marsh land or nonnavigable waters were within a meander line upon which fractional lots were abutted, the conveyance of such lots by the United States carries also the marsh land or nonnavigable water beyond the meander to the extent of a full subdivision. And, in order to accomplish this result, the marsh land and water, inside of the meander will be considered to have been surveyed, and the lines of the survey be hence protracted across the meander so as to embrace a full subdivision.. Whilst this theory was plainly irreconcilable with the construction given the United States law by the Supreme Court of Indiana in cases decided by it prior to Stoner v. Rice, supra, that case announced the rule, and the subsequent cases in Indiana have sanctioned it down to and including Kean v. Roby, supra, upon which the decision in this ease was rested. In Hardin v. Jordan, supra, the doctrine of Stoner v. Rice, supra, was criticised as an unwarranted departure from the common law, and it was observed — as was undoubtedly the case — that the Indiana court, in Stoner v. Rice, supra, but adopted the rule announced by the Supreme Court of Michigan in Clute v. Fisher (1887), 65 Mich. 48, 31 N. W. 614, shortly before the decision in Stoner v. Rice, supra. Now, the opinion in Clute v. Fisher, supra, shows that the Michigan court in that case but followed a prior ruling made by it at the same term in, Palmer v. Dodd (1887), 64 Mich. 474, 31 N. W. 209. The latter case involved title to land within a section made fractional by a meandered lake or marsh, and the controversy turned upon whether, under the law of the United States, the rights of the owner of the fractional section extended beyond the me*579ander line. The Supreme Court of Michigan, in deciding the question, said: ‘When the United States grants by patent land described by a legal subdivision, the grantee is entitled to all the land embraced within the legal subdivision contained in his grant, and is not limited by the number of acres specified in the patent or upon the government plat. The meanders have no significance as boundaries, and are not intended as such. They are run simply to afford a means of computing the area contained in the fraction which the United States requires payment for on sale of the public domain. But no grantee by such patent, granting a legal subdivision of land, can derive title to land upon another legal subdivision. This we have decided in the cases of Wilson v. Hoffman (1884), 54 Mich. 246, 20 N. W. 37; Keyser v. Sutherland (1886), 59 Mich. 455, 26 N. W. 865, which were based upon the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in Brown v. Clements (1845), 3 How. *650, 11 L. Ed. 767’. It is, hence, apparent that the rule in Clute v. Fisher, supra, was based upon the construction of the law of the United States expounded by this court in Brown v. Clements, supra. But long prior to the decision in Clute v. Fisher, supra, this court, in Gazzam v. Phillips (1857), 20 How. 372, 15 L. Ed. 958, had reviewed the case of Brown v. Clements, supra, and decided that the sale of a fractional lot did not convey a full subdivision; and, in consequence of this view, the case of Brown v. Clements, supra, was expressly overruled. In subsequent eases in Michigan the fact that that court has mistakenly predicated its conclusion in Clute v. Fisher, supra, on a ease which this court had overruled, has been conceded. Grand Rapids Ice, etc., Co. v. South Grand Rapids Ice, etc., Co. (1894), *580102 Mich. 227, 60 N. W. 681, 25 L. R. A. 851. But, while the Michigan court has thus recognized the error into which it inadvertently fell in Clute v. Fisher, supra, the Indiana court has continued to apply that rule, although the sole authority upon which it rests has been repudiated.”
It would seem therefore that the doctrine or rule declared in the ease of Stoner v. Rice, supra, and followed in the later cases, to the effect that, where marsh land or nonnavigable waters are included within the meander line of a government survey on which fractional lots abut, such marsh land or water inside of the meander line will of considered to have been surveyed and the lines of the survey extended or protracted across the meandered territory so as to embrace a full subdivision so partially surveyed, and that a patentee of the government of such subdivisions or lots bordering on such meander line will be held to take of the unsurveyed territory an amount sufficient to complete and make full his subdivision, is now practically unsupported by authority in other jurisdictions. To us the principle seems' not only to be without support of authority in other jurisdictions but we can see back of it no good reason for its existence, and it may, and must necessarily, in some cases, furnish the means of accomplishing a legal absurdity, as was demonstrated, we think, in the case of Tolleston Club v. Clough, supra, where the owner of the land would have been permitted to extend his lot or subdivision across the unsurveyed territory, and the meandered stream on which it abutted, and finished out his subdivision on the other side of such stream, but for the fact that he, in his pleadings, had limited his claim to the center of the stream.
*5814. *582ls. *5836. *580There is, however, another rule of law which is *581recognized by both appellant and appellees, and on 'which appellees insist that both the State’s title and their title may be upheld— viz., the doctrine of “riparian ownership”. Under this doctrine a grant or conveyance of land bounded by a nonnavigable stream carries with it the bed of the stream to its center, unless a contrary intention is manifest from the grant or conveyance itself. Illyes v. White River Light, etc., Co. (1911), 175 Ind. 118, 93 N. E. 670; Irvin v. Crammond (1915), 58 Ind. App. 540, 108 N. E. 539, and authorities cited. This doctrine was recognized at common law and is recognized and followed both by the Supreme Court of the United States and by the Supreme Court of this State. Ross v. Faust, supra; Edwards v. Ogle, supra; Kean v. Roby, supra; John Hilt Lake Ice Co. v. Zahrt (1902), 29 Ind. App. 476, 62 N. E. 509; Brophy v. Richeson, supra; Illyes v. White River Light, etc., Co., supra; Kean v. Calumet Canal, etc., Co., supra; Sizor v. City of Logansport (1898), 151 Ind. 626, 50 N. E. 377, 44 L. R. A. 814; Knickerbocker Ice Co. v. Surprise (1913), 53 Ind. App. 286, 97 N. E. 357, 99 N. E. 58; Hardin v. Jordan, supra; Mitchell v. Smale, supra; Whitaker v. McBride (1905), 197 U. S. 510, 25 Sup. Ct. 530, 49 L. Ed. 857. As hereinbefore indicated, the government plat shows that the meandered territory here involved was “Kankakee River”. Such plat and the State’s patent from the government show that the State has title from the government for all the fractional sections or subdivisions thereof abutting on the meander line of the river so meandered. It is not disputed that the Kankakee River is a nonnavigable river. It would follow therefore that the State by its patent, having obtained title to all the fractional *582sections or subdivisions thereof bordering on such river under the doctrine of riparian ownership, would take title to the center of such stream and this would necessarily include all the land here involved. However, such taking by the State, under the law, would be predicated on the theory that there was a survey of the lands so selected by it under such act and that the natural monument, the river, was in fact the boundary of the several fractional sections, or subdivisions, indicated as abutting thereon. If the meander line, in fact, merely marked the boundary between surveyed and unsurveyed territory, it seems that under the weight of authority, the doctrine of riparian ownership would have no application, but the purchaser of the surveyed territory would be limited to that included within the survey. The weight of authority seems to be to the effect that a patent is also a necessary prerequisite to the State’s acquiring title to lands under the Swamp Land Act. Tollesion Club v. State, supra; Niles v. Cedar Point Club (1889), 175 U. S. 300, 20 Sup. Ct. 124, 44 L. Ed. 171, 174; Brown v. Hitchcock (1899), 173 U. S. 473, 19 Sup. Ct. 485, 43 L. Ed. 772; Rogers, etc., Mach. Wks. v. American Emigrant Co. (1896), 164 U. S. 559, 574, 17 Sup. Ct. 188, 41 L. Ed. 552, 558; Michigan Land, etc., Co. v. Rust (1897), 168 U. S. 589, 592, 18 Sup. Ct. 208, 42 L. Ed. 591, 592; Little v. Williams (1913), 231 U. S. 335, 339, 340, 34 Sup. Ct. 68, 58 L. Ed. 256, 259. The Supreme Court in this State in some of its earlier cases announced a different doctrine, viz., that the acts of Congress upon the subject of swamp lands, by their own force, conveyed the title to such lands to the State. Edmondson v. Corn (1878), 62 Ind. 17, 21; Matthews v. Goodrich (1885), 102 Ind. 557, 564, 568, 1 N. E. 175; State v. Portsmouth Sav. Bank, *583supra; Tolleston Club v. State, supra. However, in the ease of Tolleston Club v. State, supra, the Supreme Court, in an opinion on petition for rehearing seems to have recognized such rule to be as first indicated, or at least, holds that there must be a survey of such lands and a selection thereof by the State and an approval of such selection by the Secretary of the Interior. It has also been frequently declared by the Supreme Court of the United States that a patent conveys only land which has been surveyed. Horne v. Smith (1895), 159 U. S. 40, 44, 45, 15 Sup. Ct. 988, 40 L. Ed. 68, 70; West v. Cochran (1855), 17 How. 403, 407, 15 L. Ed. 110, 113; Security Land, etc., Co. v. Burns (1904), 193 U. S. 167, 24 Sup. Ct. 425, 48 L. Ed. 662, 668; M’Ivers v. Walker (1815), 9 Cranch *173, 3 L. Ed. 694; Niles v. Cedar Point Club, supra; French-Glenn Live Stock Co. v. Springer (1902), 185 U. S. 47, 52, 22 Sup. Ct. 563, 46 L. Ed. 800, 802; Kean v. Calumet Canal, etc., Co., supra, 498. It will be seen from what we have already said and from an examination of the authorities cited, that the' question- under consideration is not free from difficulty and that there are many decided cases which seem to indicate that the- title to the land in controversy still remains in the United States government. However, in the case of Hardin v. Jordan, supra, 379, where the Supreme Court of the United States was “called upon to decide whether the- title of the plaintiff, under the patent title granted to her ancestor in 1841 extended beyond the limits of the actual survey, under the permanent waters of the lake in front of the land described in the patent, and not merely to fine of low-water mark, as held by the court below”, such court held, in effect, that: (1) Meander lines along or near *584the margin of a stream or other body of water are run to ascertain the quantity of public land sold and are not boundary lines; the waters themselves constitute the real boundary. (3) Grants of the government for lands bounded on streams and other waters, without any reservation or restriction of terms, are to be construed as to’ their effect according to the law of the State in which the lands lie. (4) The common law is the law of Illinois as to the rights of riparian owners. (5) By the common law, fresh water lakes and ponds, except the great navigable lakes, belong to the owners of the soil adjacent, who own the soil usque ad filum aquae. This case is approved and followed in the case of Mitchell v. Smale, supra.
In the more recent case of Kean v. Calumet Canal, etc., Co., supra, decided by the Supreme Court of Indiana (Mason v. Calumet Canal, etc., Co., supra), and taken to the Supreme Court of the United States by writ of error, the latter court again approved and followed the case of Hardin v. Jordan, supra, and Mitchell v. Smale, supra, and in doing so, said: “For twelve years the decisions in Hardin v. Jordan and Mitchell v. Smale have stood as authoritative declarations of the law. Probably in most .eases the statute of limitations has cured the defects of title which those cases may have shown. Meantime many titles must have passed on the faith of those decisions. The United States can meet them by the form of its conveyances. It seems to us that it would be likely to do more harm than good to allow them to be called in ' question now. It is said that the land under 'water was not embraced in the survey of 1834. It would seem from the plat and the field notes that the sections and divid*585ing lines were clearly marked off and posts set. The ease is similar to Kean v. Roby [1896], 145 Ind. 221, 42 N. E. 1011, where the survey was pronounced sufficient. No difficulty was felt on the ground that the survey did not cover the submerged land in Hardin v. Jordan, supra. But furthermore, the land was selected as ‘swamp and overflowed lands’ by the State. It not appearing otherwise, the selection must be presumed to have included the land overflowed, and if so it was confirmed to the State by the act of March 3, 1857, Chap. 117, 11 Stat. at Large 251, Rev. Stat. §§2484 [U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 1588]. The confirmation encounters none of the difficulties of cases like Stoneroad v. Stoneroad [1895], 158 U. S. 240, 15 Sup. Ct. 822, 39 L. Ed. 966. The land surrounding the water, at least, was surveyed, so that the identification of the submerged portion was absolute. We are of opinion that the State of Indiana got a title to the whole land in dispute.” (Our italics.)
It is proper in this connection to say that the three eases just cited are criticised and disapproved in a very able and exhaustive dissenting opinion written by Justice White and concurred in by Justice McKenna, in the qase of Kean v. Calumet Canal, etc., Co., supra. It was in this opinion that the Indiana cases were reviewed and criticised as hereinbefore indicated. The case of Hardin v. Jordan, supra, and the other cases which follow it are especially criticised, because they seem to announce the doctrine that in such cases the question whether title to the land passed from the United States government should be determined by the law of the State where the land was located. It seems, however, that, in Hardin v. Jordan, supra, all the members of the court did *586not take the view that the opinion in that case declared the rule to be as broad as the interpretation given to it by Justice White. This appears from a dissenting opinion by Justice Brewer, joined in by Justice Gray and Justice Brown, in the case of Hardin v. Jordan, supra, 402, in which the following language is found: “Beyond all dispute the settled law of this court, established by repeated decisions, is that the question how far the title of a riparian owner extends is one of local law.” (Our italics.) Justice Brewer’s opinion then proceeds with a discussion of the laws of Illinois and concludes that the law as announced and applied to the facts of the ease by the lower court was correct. -It seems, therefore, that, in Hardin v. Jordan, supra, some members of the court, at least, did not understand that such court was, in that ease, announcing the broad doctrine, that in determining the question whether title to lands once owned by the government was passed by its patent, reference should be had to the local law rather than the law of the United States.
Going back to the dissenting opinion of Justice White in the 'ease of Kean v. Calumet Canal, etc., Co., supra, we feel it proper to say that he, in a very thorough «and exhaustive discussion of the question involved, each phase of which is supported by numerous authorities, • to our minds, greatly weakens the force of the majority opinion and makes a strong showing to the effect that territory included between meander lines, as in the ease there involved and here involved, should be treated as unsurveyed; that the meander line in such case is a boundary line marking the extent of the surveyed territory and that a patent from the government conveying the fractional sections or subdivisions of land abutting on such meander *587line conveys the surveyed territory only. However, the majority opinion in that case is now the law of the United States Supreme Court on the question involved and even though it may apparently be out of harmony with former cases of that court, we believe that in its application to the Swamp Land Act, especially when applied to the facts óf a case like the one here presented, it follows both law and equity.
7. 8. *5889. 8. *587It may be and indeed we think it must be conceded that the territory marked “Kankakee River” on the government plat was not actually surveyed. It does not follow,' however, that the meander line,rather than the river was intended as the boundary of the surveyed territory. The rule in favor of natural monuments as against other calls in a survey is universal. Illyes v. White River Light, etc., Co., supra; Emmons v. Kiger (1864), 23 Ind. 483, 486; Allen v. Kersey (1885), 104 Ind. 1, 4, 3 N. E. 557; Pierce v. Vansell (1905), 35 Ind. App. 525, 535, 74 N. E. 554; Preston v. Bowmar (1821), 6 Wheat. *582, 5 L. Ed. 336; Brown v. Huger (1859), 21 How. 305, 318, 16 L. Ed. 125, 129; Higuera v. United States (1865), 5 Wall. 827, 835, 18 L. Ed. 469, 471; St. Clair County v. Lovingston (1874), 23 Wall. 46, 62, 23 L. Ed. 59, 61; Security Land, etc., Co. v. Burns, supra, and cases cited. Generally speaking, “meander Hnes are run in surveying fractional portions of the public lands bordering on navigable rivers, not as boundaries of the tract, but for the purpose of defining the sinuosities of the banks of the stream, and .as the means of ascertaining the quantity of the land in the fraction subject to sale, and which is to be paid for by the purchaser. * * * Proprietors bordering on streams not navigable, unless re*588stricted by tbe terms of their grant, bold to tbe center of tbe stream.” Sizor v. City of Logansport (1898), 151 Ind. 626, 627, 628, 50 N. E. 377, 44 L. R. A. 814, and cases cited. See, also, Tolleston Club v. State, supra; Tolleston Club v. Clough, supra; Kean v. Roby, supra; Mason v. Calumet Canal, etc., Co., supra; Gary Land Co. v. Griesel, supra; Brophy v. Richeson, supra; Stoner v. Rice, supra; Sphung v. Moore (1889), 120 Ind. 352, 22 N. E. 319; Ross v. Faust, supra; Ridgway v. Ludlow, supra; Hardin v. Jordan, supra; Mitchell v. Smale, supra; Whitaker v. McBride, supra; St. Paul, etc., R. Co. v. Schurmeier (1869), 7 Wall. 272, 19 L. Ed. 74. “Tbe second section of tbe Act of Congress of 1796 provides that navigable rivers shall not be included in public surveys; but does not indicate what shall be considered such; and it is left to tbe discretion of tbe surveyor to include a given river or not. But of course bis decision can not be conclusive.” Ross v. Faust, supra, 475. While a meander line may be and frequently is treated as a bounary line yet this is done only when it appears that it was tbe intent of tbe parties to tbe instrument of conveyance, that it should be so treated. Sizor v. City of Logansport, supra; 4 R. C. L. 97; Irvin v. Crammond, supra; Horne v. Smith, supra.
10. In tbe instant case no such intent appears, as between tbe government and tbe State. On tbe contrary, tbe facts all justify, if they do not compel, tbe inference that tbe stream and not tbe meander line should be treated as tbe boundary. We say this because it appears from tbe Act of Congress pursuant to which tbe patent of tbe United States government was issued, and to which reference was bad in tbe patent, that *589it was the purpose and intent of Congress “that all the ‘swamp and overflowed lands’ made unfit thereby for cultivation within the. State of Indiana which remained unsold at the passage of said act shall be granted to said State.” (Our italics.) To carry out this purpose, Congress in said act provided that, as soon after its passage as practicable, it should be the duty of the Secretary of the Interior “to make out an accurate list and plats of the lands described as aforesaid and transmit the same to the governor of the State * * *. And at the request of said Governor, cause a patent to be issued to the State therefor; and on that patent, the fee simple to said lands shall vest in the said State * * * subject to the disposal of the legislature thereof: Provided, however, That the proceeds of said lands, whether from sale or by direct appropriation in kind, shall be applied, exclusively, as far as necessary, to the purpose of reclaiming said lands by means of the levees and drains aforesaid. * * * That in making out a list and plats of the land aforesaid, all legal subdivisions, the greater part of which is {wet and unfit for cultivation,’ shall be included in said list and plats; but when the greater part of a subdivision is not of that character, the whole of it, shall be excluded therefrom.” (Our italics.) 9 Stat. at Large 519, Chap. 83.
To enable the State to select and indicate the swamp lands to be granted to it under such act, the Department of the Interior was by such act authorized to make out plats of such lands to be furnished the State for its selectioii. Pursuant to this authority, the plat of the government survey was made in 1834 and 1835 and set out in this opinion was adopted by the general land office of the United States and furnished to the State as being *590a plat from which it might indicate and select “all the swamp and overflowed lands made unfit for cultivation then unsold within the State. From such plat the State, as shown by its patent from the government, reported its selections to the ‘general land office of the United States.’ The plat, thus adopted by the government and furnished to the State, from which it made its selections of such lands designated the strip of territory between the meander lines indicated on such plat as ‘Kankakee River.’ ”
Such territory was either swamp land or it was what such plat showed it to be, viz., “Kankakee River.” If it was swamp land, it is manifest that under the Act of Congress it was the intention of the government to give it to the State, and it is equally certain that the land surrounding the water (or meandered territory) at least was all surveyed so that the identification of the submerged territory was absolute and the State did all it could to indicate its intention to select and take such territory because it indicated and selected all of such surveyed territory, viz., all of the abutting fractional sections and subdivisions thereof. On the other hand, if the meander line should in fact be treated as the government plat indicates it should be treated, that is. to say, if the Kankakee River should be treated as the boundary of the lands selected by the State, then the State takes the territory within the meander lines under the doctrine of riparian ownership. The selection of land by the State and the issuing of its patent pursuant thereto under the act in question is therefore easily distinguishable from the cases involving a patent from the government to an individual where there was a sale at so much per acre, and the meander line was one of the lines which bounded *591and circumscribed the number of acres for which the patent was issued. The instant case has the further advantage over the ease of Hardin v. Jordan, supra, in that the territory, between the meander lines is designated as “Kankakee River,” while the territory involved in that case was designated as “lake” or “marsh”. Such river being nonnavigable, no question can exist as to the application of the doctrine of riparian ownership, while some jurisdictions have refused to apply this doctrine to inland lakes or ponds which have no current. Trustees of Schools v. Schroll (1887), 120 Ill. 509, 12 N. E. 243, 60 Am. Rep. 575; Hardin v. Jordan, supra; City of St. Louis v. Myers (1885), 113 U. S. 566, 5 Sup. Ct. 640, 28 L. Ed. 1131; Webber v. Pere Marquette Boom Co. (1886), 62 Mich. 626, 30 N. W. 469; State v. Milk (1882), 11 Fed. 389; Wheeler v. Spinola (1873), 54 N. Y. 377, 385; State v. Portsmouth Sav. Bank, supra. The instant case has the further fact in its favor that, so far as the evidence shows, the United States has never issued any patent to the land involved, other than that issued to the State and has never made any additional survey of such territory or made any claim thereto. Congress, by the act in question, having authorized the giving of all said land, and the officers of the government, under the authority of such act, having furnished to the State a plat which was treated both by the United States and the State as being sufficient for its selection of all of such lands, and which is open to an interpretation that will make it sufficient for such purpose, it is the duty of the court to adopt such interpretation. Such considerations doubtless had their influence in the decision of Hardin v. Jordan, supra, and the cases following that decision. The language of *592the Supreme Court of the United States in the ease of Kean v. Calumet Canal, etc., Co., above quoted, is specially applicable to the facts of this case. For the reasons indicated and on the authorities, supra, we hold that title to the land in question passed from the United States government to the State of Indiana.
11. 12. *59313. *592We next inquire whether the State has parted with its title to this land. In this connection, it is very earnestly insisted by appellees that a holding that the State acquired title under its patent to the lands in dispute necessitates a holding that it has passed or conferred title to its respective patentees, because it adopted the government survey and plat and in its patents conveyed with reference to such survey and plat, and by the same description that it received title; that the State should not be permitted to say that, when it took the land from the United States government, the meander line of the Kankakee River as designated on the plat of the survey made by such government was in fact the bank or meander line of such river and was not a boundary, and then, when the State sold such land under the same plat and description be heard to say that such meander line was no longer a meander line of the river, but was in fact a boundary line, and limited the lands sold by the State within such boundary. Upon first impression this argument seems conclusive, but, Will it bear analysis? As before indicated, in this opinion', the general rule is that the meander line of a watercourse is not treated as a boundary line but, instead, the watercourse is treated as the boundary. However, in determining whether such meander line should be treated as a natural monument marking the bank *593of the stream which it is supposed to meander, or as a boundary line beyond which the grantee may not claim title, the intention of the parties to the instrument should always have an important, if not a controlling influence. Such intention must ordinarily be ascertained from the instrument itself, but, where uncertainty exists from the instrument, resort may be had to other proper methods to ascertain such intent. In other words, if a contract is open to two constructions, or if there be uncertainty or ambiguity in its language, such contract should be interpreted, if possible, in the light of the facts and circumstances which existed and were present and of influence at the time the instrument was prepared and executed, and the intent of the parties, when so ascertained should, if possible be carried out. Guaranty Sav. etc., Assn. v. Rutan (1893), 6 Ind. App. 83, 33 N. E. 210; Reissner v. Oxley (1881), 80 Ind. 580; Chicago, etc., R. Co. v. Barnes (1888), 116 Ind. 126, 17 N. E. 459; H. G. Olds Wagon Works v. Coombs (1890), 124 Ind. 62, 24 N. E. 589; Manhattan Oil Co. v. Carrell (1905), 164 Ind. 526, 73 N. E. 1084. The important and influential reason for the existence of the rule which gives a natural
monument favor over other calls in a survey is because it is presumed to be the intention of the parties to the grant to convey the lands actually surveyed, and natural monuments when called for are supposed to include, and bound the lands so surveyed and the presumption is that such monuments are less likely to be mistaken than are other calls in the survey. M’Ivers v. Walker, supra; Security Land, etc., Co. v. Burns, supra; White v. Luning (1876), 93 U. S. 514, 23 L. Ed. 938, 940; Davis v. Rainsford (1821), 17 Mass. 207; *5944. R. C. L. 101, §35. The undisputed facts in this case show that, as between the State and its patentees, said reason does not exist for favoring the natural monument rather than the meander line as the true boundary of the lands granted to the State’s patentees. When the reason for a rule ceases, the rule itself ceases.
11. We have already indicated in this opinion that we thought it was the clear intent of the government to pass and the State to accept all the swamp lands in the State and, to accomplish that purpose, we concluded that, as between the government and the State, it was the duty of the court to treat the watercourse meander line as the true boundary of the lands selected by the State under such Swamp Land Act. We now inquire, What was the intent between the State and its patentees as shown by the patents and by the act of the legislature pursuant to which such patents were issued, reference being made in such patents to the. acts of the legislature as the authority under which they were issued?
The act under which the lands in question were sold by the State was the Swamp Land Act of January 27, 1852 (1 R. S. 1852 p. 471), entitled an “Act to regulate the sale of swamp lands donated by the United States to the State of Indiana, and to provide for the draining and reclaiming thereof in accord with the conditions of said grant.” The act constitutes the county auditor and county treasurer as agents to sell such lands and provides that the auditor of state shall cause to be prepared plats of all such lands and forward the same to the respective auditors of the counties; that “each tract of land so offered for sale shall be struck off to the highest bidder therefor, for any sum not less than one dollar and twenty-five cents for each acre in *595the tract”; that the auditor shall give to the purchaser a brief certificate stating the name of the purchaser, "the tract or tracts purchased by him, the number of acres contained in such tract or tracts, and the price per acre at which the same was sold;, that the certificate holders shall present the certificate to the treasurer, pay him the whole amount of the purchase money, and that the treasurer shall give to the purchaser a duplicate' receipt, “specifying therein the date of the receipt of the money, the name of the purchaser, the amount paid for each acre, the number of acres in the tract or tracts, the county, congressional township, range and section in which the tract or tracts are situated”; that the county auditor shall enter in a book, kept by him for that purpose, “a brief description of each tract of land purchased, the number of acres contained therein, the price paid for each acre, the name of the purchaser or purchasers, and the date of the purchase”; that the treasurer shall forward to the auditor of state a certified copy of the record of certificates' issued by him to purchasers; that the auditor of state shall prepare the. deeds to the purchaser upon the „receipt of the returns from the treasurers, and that the deeds shall be signed by the governor and attested by the secretary of state; that the moneys received shall constitute a special fund to be used in paying expenses of selecting, platting, and selling lands, expense of reclaiming the land by ditching or dyking, and the balance “shall constitute a portion of and belong to the common school fund of the State as in the Constitution provided”; the unsold lands were made “subject to entry at the sum of one dollar and twenty-five cents the acre.” (Our italics.)
*59714. *595Under this act, there was imposed on the agents of the State, the duty of surveying and. ascer*596taining the number of acres in each tract sold. This was a prerequisite to the sale and the authority of the agents to sell was thereby limited. The whole tenor and theory of the act is that the number of acres to be sold to each purchaser should be ascertained and paid for at the rate of not less than $1.25 an acre, and that when a report of such sale was made the purchaser should receive his deed and the fund so raised should be used to pay the expenses of selecting, platting and selling lands and expenses of reclaiming, etc. Can it be said that under such act the agents of the State were authorized to convey to any purchaser more than the ascertained acreage in his lot; or, that such purchaser had any right to suppose that he was getting more than he paid for; or, that the State, would, for example, take the $12.25 paid by P. & B. for the 9.80-acre tract and after paying the proportion of expenses of sale allotted to such tract, apply enough of the balance of the $12.25 towards redeeming 240 acres more for the benefit of P. & B. and then turn the balance into the school fund? In this connection its seems appropriate to ask, What would the school fund get? All of the provisions of this act indicate that it was the intent of the legislature that the lines of survey used or adopted by the State for the purpose of identifying and bounding the tracts sold to the State’s patentees should mark and circumscribe the number of acres sold to each purchaser and hence that all of such lines, whatever they may have been shown to be on the plats, so made or adopted for such sale should be treated as boundary lines. The government plat, adopted by the State in making its sales to its patentees shows that the territory between the meander lines, marked “Kankakee River,” was not actu*597ally surveyed; that all of the lots bordering on such meander lines were surveyed and that the line bounding such abutting lots including such meander line, enclosed the number of acres indicated as being in such lots. The agents of the State by adopting such survey, in so far as it showed surveyed lots with the boundaries necessary to include and mark the acres indicated in each lot to be sold, would be strictly within the spirit and letter of the authority under which they were acting; but an adoption of the survey with the idea that a watercourse which in no way fixed or determined acreage in any tract sold should mark the true boundary of any such tracts would have been in violation of such authority. Being purely statutory, grants of public lands should be scrutinized and construed by the courts with reference to the statutes and the statutes must be given their true interpretation and force. Kean v. Calumet Canal, etc., Co., supra, and cases cited; Security Land, etc., Co. v. Burns, supra, and cases cited; Tolleston Club v. Lindgren (1907), 39 Ind. App. 448, 451, 452, 77 N. E. 818; State v. Portsmouth Sav. Bank, supra. In interpreting a patent, all contained in the patent must be considered, and the identity of the land ascertained by a reasonable construction thereof, rejecting if necessary any erroneous call. Kean v. Calumet Canal, etc., Co., supra, and cases cited. Especially is this true where a survey was not actually run on the ground. Platt v. Vermillion (1900), 99 Fed. 356, 39 C. C. A. 555.
11. In discussing the subject under consideration, the Supreme Court, in the case of Brophy v. Richeson, supra, said: “If the boundaries were uncertain ‘the number of acres, according to the survey’ would certainly be an indication as to the location of the true boun*598dary line within which those acres were contained, especially in a case like this, where there is no dispute as to the boundary except as to one side.” See also, Chapman & Dewey Lumber Co. v. St. Francis Levee Dist. (1914), 232 U. S. 186, 197, 34 Sup. Ct. 297, 68 L. Ed. 664, 568, and cases cited.
In the case of Niles v. Cedar Point Club, supra, 306, the court said: “It may be that surveyor Rice erred in not extending his surveys into this marsh, but his error does not enlarge the title conveyed by the patent's to the surveyed fractional sections. The United States sold only the fractional sections, received onljr ■ pay therefor, an amount fixed by the number of acres conveyed, and one receiving a patent will not ordinarily be heard to insist that by reason of an error on the part of the surveyor more land was bought than was paid for, or than the government was offering for sale.”
The authorities which appellees cite and rely on as fixing the river as the boundary rather than the meander line all recognize that the purpose of a meander line is to ascertain the number of acres in the fractional section subject to sale and for which the government charged a consideration. Such was the only purpose to be served by the survey required by the act of the legislature in this case. The meander lines, with the other unquestioned lines of the survey indicated on the government plat, accurately and correctly measured the number of acres in each tract sold by the State, and they did not and could not, within the letter and spirit of the act of the legislature, correctly, serve any other purpose.
In the case of the State v. Portsmouth Sav. Bank, supra, the Supreme Court in discussing the authority of' the officers of the State in the matter of *599the' sale of its swamp lands under the act of. the legislature here involved, said: “Public officers have no authority to dispose of the State’s lands except such as is conferred upon them by positive statute. Any sales of such lands by them without such statutory authority are- void as against the State, unless they are in some proper way ratified by the State. McCaslin v. State, ex rel. [1885], 99 Ind. 428; Brown v. Ogg [1882], 85 Ind. 234; Vail v. McKernan [1863], 21 Ind. 421; Skelton v. Bliss [1855], 7 Ind. 77; Ferris v. Cravens [1879], 65 Ind. 262; Whiteside v. United States [1876], 93 U. S. 247 [23 L. Ed. 882]; Hull & Argalls v. Marshall County [1861], 12 Iowa 142. * * * The border lands were in a condition to be sold, and the officers had authority to sell- them. The bed of the lake was not in a condition to be sold, and hence they had no authority to dispose of it. directly or indirectly. Of this lack of authority, Dunn and Condit were bound to take notice. They were bound to take notice of the public records and statutes. Those lands could not have been given away by the officers to the detriment of the school fund, and in -violation-of the object of the grant. Neither could they be disposed of in any way, except in pursuance of law. The State held the swamp lands in trust for the people, and the object for which they were granted. Its grants of such lands therefore, are to be construed strictly. Wilcoxon v. McGhee [1851], 12 Ill. 381, 54 Am. Dec. 409; McManus v. Carmichael [1856], 3 Iowa 1; City of Terre Haute v. Terre Haute Water Works Co. [1884], 94 Ind. 305. To grant the contention of appellee would be to hold that a grantee from the State of a forty-acre tract of overflowed and swamp land, bordering upon a lake four miles in width, would take by the State’s deed, not *600only the forty acres, but in addition a strip of land as wide as the forty-acre tract and two miles long. Without entering upon a review of the numerous cases upon the subject- of riparian rights, we are very clear that the deeds or patents from the State to Dunn and Condit .carried to them no more of the swamp and overflowed lands than were included in the several surveyed subdivisions bounded by the lake. As fully supporting our conclusions in this case, and upon the general subject of grants of lands bordering upon natural lakes, we cite the following authorities': State v. Milk, supra; Boorman v. Sunnuchs [1877], 42 Wis. 233; State v. Gilmanton [1839], 9 N. H. 461; Seaman v. Smith [1860], 24 Ill. 521; Fletcher v. Phelps [1856], 28 Vt. 257; Mansur v. Blake [1873], 62 Me. 38; Wheeler v. Spinola, supra; Angell, Watercourses §41; Paine v. Woods [1871], 108 Mass. 160; Diedrich v. Northwestern Union R. Co. [1877], 42 Wis. 248, 24 Am. Rep. 399.” To the same effect is the case of Tolleston Club v. Lindgren, supra
We are aware that in the case of Gary Land Co. v. Griesel, supra, the Supreme Court, referring to the case last cited, said: “There are doubtless distinctions in the facts between that case and this, but if it can be said to be in conflict with the rule herein declared it is expressly overruled.” (Our italics.) . It must be admitted that the ease of Tolleston Club v. Lindgren, supra, can not be reconciled with some of the more recent eases of the Supreme Court. The same thing, however, may be said of the earlier eases of the Supreme Court. The language quoted from the case of State v. Portsmouth Sav, Bank, supra, is wholly irreconcilable with the announcements of some of the later cases, yet the former case has never been expressly *601overruled, criticised or modified; and it expressly recognizes the limitation of authority imposed on the Stage’s officers in the sale of swamp lands of the State under, the act here involved and also expressly states that such officers “were authorized t6 sell those lands by surveyed legal designated and platted subdivisions and at no less than $1.25 per acre”. It is this limitation of authority which furnishes the reason for treating a meander line as a boundary line circumscribing the acres sold to the' State’s patentees in its swamp land patents. In the case of Tolleston Club v. State, supra, which seems to be in conflict with Tolleston Club v. Lindgren, the Supreme Court said: “If the meander line. in. this case were actually, or by necessary implication made a boundary of the lands sold it is of course evident that such boundary would stand just as any other boundary named or described.” In view of the provisions of the act of the legislature, above indicated, we are unable to see how such necessary implication can be avoided. It is useless, however, to discuss the decided cases further.
*60215. *601At the time of the sale by the State of the abutting lots, the disputed territory was in fact swamp land or marsh of the same kind and character as that sold by the State, and which the act in question required to be sold and not given away. When the State, in any given case, sold swamp lands or overflowed lands that were bounded by a river, of course, under the law of the State, the purchaser took to the thread of the stream, but when the State sold swamp and overflowed lands, it did not give the purchaser the right to take all swamp and overflowed lands that adjoined the land that he bought. It gave him the right to the *602land sold to lairtL and to none other. Land. is never appurtenant to land. The doctrine of riparian ownership applies only where the watercourse is in fact the boundary of the lands to which the doctrine is sought to be applied, and where there is uncertainty as to whether the meander line or the watercourse was intended as the boundary in determining such question reference must be had to the conveyance to' the party claiming the application of such doctrine and to the time of such conveyance, and not to a remote time of conveyance. Ocean City Assn. v. Schriver (1900), 64 N. J. L. 550, 559, 46 Atl. 690, 51 L. R. A. 425; Johnston v. Jones (1862), 1 Black 209, 221, 17 L. Ed. 117; James v. Howe (1885), 41 Ohio St. 696, 709.
It follows from what we have said that the decision of the trial court is not sustained by sufficient evidence, and the judgment below is therefore reversed with instructions to the trial, court to grant a new trial and to take such other steps in the ease as may be consistent with • this, opinion.
Shea, C. J., Ibach, P. J., Pelt and Moran, JJ., concur. Caldwell, J., not participating.