Myron Jackson appeals Ms conviction and 253-month sentence, following a jury trial, for two counts of distribution of her-om, m violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). Jackson’s conviction was based on two heroin sales to a DEA agent m September 1995.
On March 13, 1996, Jackson was arrested on an unrelated outstandmg federal parole violation from California. A Michigan federal magistrate judge ordered his return to California. The following day, a criminal complaint based on the September 1995 heroin sales was filed against Jackson. Jackson was never served, did not appear, and the government subsequently dismissed the complaint without prejudice on November 20,1996.
On January 6, 1998, Jackson was indicted for distribution of herom in the September 1995 transactions. Jackson eventually was returned to Michigan in November 1998, appeared before a magistrate judge on November 24, 1998, and was arraigned on December 1,1998.
Trial was originally scheduled for March 25, 1999. On March 22, 1999, Jackson’s counsel, Stephen Rabaut, moved to dismiss the mdictment based on United States v. Ovalle, 136 F.3d 1092 (6th Cir.1998) (holding that Eastern Michigan’s federal grand jury system violated equal protection). The district court dismissed the indictment without prejudice. A supersedmg indictment was filed two days later.
After Rabaut withdrew from representation, the district court appomted James Waske, who moved to quash the indictment based on a Fourteenth Amendment due process violation for preindictment delay and a Sixth Amendment speedy trial violation.1 The district court deMed the motion. Jackson went to trial, was convicted on both counts of the supersedmg mdictment, and was sentenced to 253 months.
Jackson contends that his trial counsel each provided meffective assistance by failing to move to dismiss under the Speedy Trial Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3161(c)(1) and § 3162(a)(2), because his trial did not occur witMn 70 days of his first appearance m court.2 Claims of meffective assistance are reviewed de novo. See United States v. Pierce, 62 F.3d 818, 833 (6th Cir.1995). In order to show meffective assistance, Jackson must demonstrate that counsel’s performance was deficient and that his defense was prejudiced by that deficient performance. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); Pierce, 62 F.3d at 833.
We agree with Jackson that, because the speedy trial clock began to run when he made his first appearance before the magistrate judge on November 24, 1998, the number of non-excluded days before trial exceeded the 70-day period under section 3161(c)(1). See 18 U.S.C. *398§ 3161(c)(1) (specifying that the trigger date is either the filing date of the indictment or the date on which defendant first appears before a judicial officer, whichever occurs later); United States v. Crawford, 982 F.2d 199, 202 (6th Cir.1993) (stating that the trigger date is when defendant first appears before a judicial officer).3
Under these circumstances, counsel would be expected to raise a speedy trial violation. Counsels’ failure to raise this issue arguably fell outside the range of acceptable representation. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88, 104 S.Ct. 2052; United States v. Fortson, 194 F.3d 730, 736 (6th Cir.1999). We would have preferred a more fully developed record before deciding that issue, but in any event, Jackson’s ineffective assistance claim fails. He has not established prejudice, i.e., a reasonable probability that, but for trial counsels’ failure to raise the statutory speedy trial issue, the result of the proceeding would have been different. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052. Although Jackson contends that counsels’ failure deprived him of his right to request a dismissal with prejudice, he has not demonstrated a reasonable probability that the district court would have dismissed the indictment with prejudice. See 18 U.S.C. § 3162(a)(2); United States v. Howard, 218 F.3d 556, 561 (6th Cir.2000) (discussing the section 3162(a)(2) factors for dismissal with or without prejudice).4
On the record before us, Jackson has not shown that he was denied effective assistance of counsel.
Jackson next contends that his Fourteenth Amendment due process rights were violated by the government’s delay of more than twenty-one months in indicting him. To obtain relief based on pre-indictment delay, Jackson must show: 1) that the delay substantially prejudiced his right to a fair trial; and 2) that the delay was an intentional device by the government to gain a tactical advantage. See United States v. Brown, 959 F.2d 63, 66 (6th Cir. 1992).
We agree with the district court that Jackson was not entitled to dismissal for pre-indictment delay. He failed to set forth any evidence that the delay was an intentional device by the government to gain a tactical advantage. See United States v. Rogers, 118 F.3d 466, 476 (6th Cir.1997) (stating that the delay must be *399purposeful and that allegations of reckless or negligent delay are insufficient).
Because Jackson failed to establish intentional delay, we need not address whether he has shown substantial prejudice. See United, States v. Duncan, 763 F.2d 220, 222 (6th Cir.1985) (stating that both prongs of the test must be shown); United States v. Greene, 737 F.2d 572, 574-75 (6th Cir.1984) (declining to address substantial prejudice where defendant fails to show intentional delay).
Jackson is not entitled to dismissal of the indictment based on either ineffective assistance of counsel or pre-indictment delay.
AFFIRMED.
. Although counsel raised a constitutional speedy trial violation, he did not argue for a dismissal under the Speedy Trial Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3161(c)(1) and § 3162(a)(2).
. At oral argument, we reminded counsel that claims of ineffective assistance generally are best brought in a section 2255 motion. An exception exists where the existing record is adequate to assess properly the merits of the claim on direct appeal. See United States v. Pruitt, 156 F.3d 638, 646 (6th Cir.1998). Counsel for Jackson insisted that the record is adequate and urged that we consider Jackson's contention.
. We reject the government's argument that the entry of the not guilty plea on December 1, 1998 was the speedy trial trigger date. The government's reliance on United States v. O'Dell, 154 F.3d 358 (6th Cir.1998) is misplaced because of the unique factual circumstances of that case. In O’Dell, the court concluded that the plain language of 18 U.S.C. § 3161(c)(1) required a not guilty plea to trigger the speedy trial clock, and because O'Dell never entered a not guilty plea, nor was one entered for him in a prior proceeding, the speedy trial clock was never triggered during that prior proceeding. See id. at 360-62.
In contrast, Jackson did enter a not guilty plea in this proceeding on December 1, 1998. Because the plea was eventually entered, the speedy trial provisions were triggered by Jackson’s initial appearance on November 24, 1998. See Crawford, 982 F.2d at 201-03 (concluding that where defendant made first appearance on October 25, 1990 and was arraigned on October 29, 1990, the speedy trial clock began to run on October 25, because that was the latest relevant date under the Speedy Trial Act).
. To the extent that Jackson argues prejudice because he was unable to locate witnesses, the argument fails because he does not show what their testimony would have established, nor does he demonstrate a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different had these witnesses testified. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693-94, 104 S.Ct. 2052.