i. con^tíSctio0™' reconveyanee. The ruling upon the demurrer is sustained as comporting best with reason, the intent of the parties, and a fair construction of the „. . conditions of the mortgage.
The argument against the demurrer is exceedingly astute and plausible, but fails to command our assent, as being a little to subtle and refined to suit the business genius of the times. We are satisfied that the nice, and we may add, far fetched, distinctions insisted upon by counsel never entered the minds of the contracting parties, and we prefer, because always safest, to keep tolerably close to the language of the contract, as the best exponent of the true intent of the parties.
The right which the mortgagor reserves to create another estate in the mortgaged premises, at any time when the value thereof exceeds the debt secured, is, to say the least, a most unusual one in instruments of this kind, if not, indeed, inconsistent with the granting clause therein, and therefore should not be indulged or permitted to be claimed, beyond the limits fixed for its exercise in the contract. *472Now, this right is coupled both with a condition and a limitation, namely: the condition is, that when the value of the land exceeds the debt, the mortgagor may dispose of the excess. But how is this excess of value to be ascertained, and by whom? The contract says, “ the valuation to be determined at any time by mutual agreement, or by reference to three disinterested persons, as the parties may agree.”
This limitation to the exercise of the right in question, quite excludes the idea that the parties ever intended that the mortgagor should, upon his own volition and valuation, as the city did in this case, without regard to this clause of the contract, undertake to create an estate in the property mortgaged in the Dubuque Harbor Company. If it was, the necessity of such a claim in the contract is not apparent.
2_ Hon gageeto íeconvey. The mortgage contains another stipulation in favor of the mortgagee, novel and as unusual as the one just considered, to the effect that Jessup and Company are not to be held liable in any manner to the pL0|{qers 0y saj¿ bonds whoever they may be, but are to be free to reconvey to said city any portion of the real estate described, in any manner or way they choose, without consulting any one who may chance to be the holder or owner of said lands.
The defense based upon this clause of the mortgage is, that it was given alone for the benefit of Jessup and Company, and not for their assignees, and that when the bonds were negotiated and passed from the ownership of Jessup and Company, it had fulfilled its office, and was in law, discharged, whether they had reconveyed to the city or not, and hence, in the answer, no such reconveyance is averred.
We think the more reasonable construction of the instrument, taken as a whole, including the above stipulation, is, that it was to stand as a security for the payment of the bonds, into whosesoever hands they might fall, until the *473privelege to cancel or reconvey by Jessup and Company, should be claimed or exercised. This construction derives support from the evidence; in which it appears that one reason why Jessup and Company insisted upon the execution of the mortgage was, that it would facilitate the negotiation of the bonds; <&c.
The stipulation is not that the mortgage should be void or the property reconveyed when the bonds should be assigned or negotiated, but it simply saves the right to Jessup and Company to reconvey the mortgage property whenever it should be their pleasure to do so. ■ They have not done so, and for all we lrnow or can know from the record, they may have agreed with the purchasers of the bonds, that they would not do so upon being themselves released from any legal responsibility. However this may be, the right or privilege to reconvey is personal to Jessup and Company, and the Dubuque Harbor Company is in.no position to claim any benefit from this stipulation in the mortgage. Besides all this, the use which the defendants attempt to make of the same in their answer, is more in the nature of a conclusion of law, than a statement of any facts constituting a defense to the right of the plaintiffs to recover.
Passing the subject of the demurrer, we notice next the other three controverted facts in the case.
First. Was the execution of the mortgage to Jessup and ' Company proved ?
Second. Could the court take j udieial notice that Patrick Quigley was President pro tem. of the city council at the time of the execution of the deed to the Dubuque Harbor Company ?
Third. Did the Dubuque Harbor Company have notice of the mortgage?
To each of these interrogative propositions we return an affirmative answer.
*474The mortgage to Jessup and Company, although recorded, was not acknowledged; nevertheless, its execution, was not denied under oath, or by affidavit, and if any proof is required of its execution beyond the production under section 2967 of the Bevision, it was adequately supplied by the testimony of the witnesses Farley and Bobbins, one of. whom, as mayor of the city, executed the mortgage; the other, as recorder, attested it.
3. cutecuS The act incorporating the city of Dubuque is a public act. It provides, among other things, for the appointment of a mayor pro tempore. The deed offered in by the Dubuque Harbor Company was executed by such an officer, with the seal of the city affixed and duly attested by the recorder, and properly acknowledged and recorded, the officer certifying in the acknowledgment that Patrick Quigley, who purports to have executed the deed from the city to the Dubuque Harbor Company, was personally known to him as the identical person whose name is' affixed to the deed as president pro tempore of the city council, and acting mayor of the city of Dubuque, and acknowledged the instrument to be his voluntary act and deed as such president and acting mayor, &c. This, prima facie, is proof that Quigley was, at the time, acting mayor of the city, and, coupled with what the court might judicially take notice of on this subject, rendered the introduction of-the deed in question competent without further proof as to the official character of the said Quigley. Byington v. Allen, 11 Iowa, 3.
4. notice: to partners, The next and last is the important point in this case, the one upon which the court below decided the controversy in favor of the defense. It is the question the plaintiff’s mortgage being unacknowledged, the defendants had notice of the existence of the same, at the time they became the legal or equitable owners, under the city, of a portion of the mortgage *475premises. As we are inclined to hold differently from the court below upon this question, we may admit it to be a close one. The difficulty, however, does not arise so much from a conflict of testimony as to the effect in law which is to be given to certain facts, viewed in the light of the peculiar relations in which the parties stood to the transaction at the time. To see just what this relation was, we premise first, that between the city of Dubuque and the main channel of the Mississippi river were some sloughs and islands. The city contemplated an improvement of its harbor by filling up these sloughs and extending its streets to the main shore of the river, and then constructing a proper levee. In furtherance of this purpose it borrowed $30,000 of Jessup and Company, and gave a mortgage to secure the same on the new territory that would thus be added to the plat of the city by such improvement. It also proposed to convey a title to certain portions of this new extension to parties who would contract to make and complete said improvement.
About the 15th of February, 1855, the city council received a proposition from Charles Gfregoire and H. L. Stout to make the contemplated improvement; the proposition was entertained and a committee of aldermen appointed to settle the terms and complete the contract. Of this committee, F. E. Bissell was the active member. After this, and before the contract was finally entered into, other parties were consulted and united with Gfregoire and Stout, as partners or joint contractors. On the 27th of February, 1858,' a written contract was executed between the city on -the one part, through its mayor, J. P. Farley, and on the other by Gfregoire, Stout, Emerson, Bush, Burt, Waples, Huff, Shields, Stewart and Burton, in which, for the consideration of certain work, to be done by the parties last named, the city stipulated to convey its title to certain real estate therein specified, being a portion of the *476same- property described in the mortgage to Jessup and Company. Bissell testifies, that during the negotiation, the subject of the Jessup mortgage was spoken of; he could not state the particular individuals with whom such conversation took place, but that it was had principally with Gregoire, Stout, Emerson and Huff; and although he could not state with which of the contractors, or just what was said, yet he was certain that the Jessup mortgage was talked over, for the nature of the contract which the city should give them, for the conveyance of the property, was discussed, and when he proposed a quit-claim deed to them from the city, it was said that this would not be a protection, as there was a mortgage on the property to E. S. Jessup and Company; and they .requested such a contract as would be an indemnity against such an incumbrance. The deed to the Dubuque Harbor Company, made on the 2d of April, 1858, contains this stipulation: “ And the city of .Dubuque hereby covenants with the said Dubuque Harbor Company, their successors and assigns, to protect the title to said lands and islands hereby granted, from all liens or incumbrances by mortgage, if any, heretofore made by said city thereon.” It was also shown in the evidence, that prior to-the foregoing deed, the Jessup mortgage was the only incumbrance of said property. The recorder of the city, P. W. Crawford, also testified that he was present at the negotiation, and remembers that the Jessup mortgage was spoken of by both parties. The records of the city council show that H. L. Stout was a member of the council, and present at the meeting which authorized the mortgage to be given to Jessup and Company. Also, that Earley, who is a member of the Dubuque Harbor Company, was the mayor who executed said mortgage in the name of the city.
This is the substance of the testimony on the part of the plaintiffs, bearing upon the question of notice. That of *477the defendants consists simply of a denial under oath by Emerson, Burt, Bonson, Bush and Stewart, that they had any notice of the incumbrance till after tbe execution of tbe contract; and also evidence tending to show that some of them did not become interested as parties until about tbe time tbe contract was executed, and others again not until the articles of incorporation were signed on the 6th of March, 1858, being some seven or eight days after the contract first above mentioned bad been concluded.
The defense insist that such of tbe parties as were tbns situated could not be affected by tbe notice, if any was given, first, because tbeir relation to one another was that of tenants in common, and not partners; but if it was that of the latter, the supposed notice was ineffectual in law to charge those who bought into the partnership subsequent to the formation of the same. It seems that some seven or eight days after the contract with the city had been signed by tbe parties above named, the defendants entered into written articles of association among themselves, defining tbe objectof the same and their several rights, duties and obligations. These articles clearly show the incidents of a legal partnership, and the fair presumption is that the same relation existed between them from tbe beginning, although it rested in parol. If, then, they were partners at tbe time tbe contract with the city was made, why are they not all affected witb tbe notice given to Stout and Gregoire of the existence of the mortgage? The reply is, that some of them cannot be, for tbe reason that they came into the concern about the time the contract was consummated, took no part in the negotiation, and heard nothing of the mortgage. The answer to this, again, is, that they nevertheless did become parties to tbe contract before it was finally executed, because they signed the same; and in doing so they adopted the contract, with all its advantages and disadvantages, as made by tbeir *478copartners, and with it again their agency in making it, and are consequently alike chargeable with notice of any incumbrances upon the property as the immediate parties conducting the negotiation. 2 Lead. Cas. in Eq.. part 1, 44, marg.
But, again, it is said, that Earley and Bonson were not members of the partnership at the making of the contract with the city, but became so when the articles of association were executed. Granted; but does this fact change the legal position of the firm with reference to the notice ? They embarked at so early a stage in the same boat with the others, ere }''et, indeed, it had weighed anchor, that they took the chances of the whole voyage. It is scarcely necessary to say that the subsequent change of the association into a corporate body wrought no change for the better in their legal rights, so far as it relates to the question under consideration.
"We return, then, again to the question of notice: was it effected upon the defendants as a firm? We have already seen, from the authorities referred to, that notice upon one partner is binding upon all. We do not care to give any importance to the circumstance, that Farley and Stout were members of the city council at the time that the mortgage from the city to Jessup and Company was authorized to be executed. Their previous knowledge of the existence of the mortgage in this way is objected to, as not coming to them in the same transaction, and therefore not binding. We stop not to consider the soundness of this objection, as, in our judgment, the evidence without it is sufficient to fix the notice upon the defendants. We refer to the testimony of Bissell and Crawford. Their testimony is uncontradicted, yet it is attempted to be impaired and set aside on the score of being too uncertain and vague, because they are not particular to state just which one of the several parties spoke of the Jessup mortgage and what *479was said. Indefiniteness as to who mentioned the subject of the mortgage is a matter of little moment; the important question is, was it agitated at all by any one of the contracting parties ? Upon this fact, the evidence, so far from being vague, is very explicit. Both Crawford, the city recorder, and Bissell, testify to it directly and without any qualification. The latter testifies that he is certain of the fact, and gives his reasons therefor, among which are, that they insisted upon a contract which would give them protection against the Jessup mortgage. Some time after this, the city made to the defendants a deed for a portion of the mortgage premises, and in that deed the city specially stipulates to protect the grantees against any incumbrance by mortgage that might be resting upon the property, and this we think strengthens and corroborates Bissell in his version of the matter. Unimpeached and uncontradicted as these witnesses are, we cannot refuse to accept the facts deposed to by them as true, and this being so, we are brought to the necessity of reversing and changing the decree below, by giving the plaintiff a judgment of foreclosure upon all the property described in the mortgage, which is accordingly ordered.
Reversed.