i E* an?gations. im/ra.} The evidence introduced in this case is not brought up, but it is reasonably apparent from the bill of exceptions, and it was perhaps indirectly concedec^ by the counsel in argument, that the recovery ^as ag mu_Cli or more upon the want of care in the “ boss ” on the hand-car, as upon the carelessness in the management of the train.
It is not denied that the persons on the Band-car were the employés of the defendant; but although they were such employés and were guilty of the negligence causing the injury, he could not recover therefor under the statements of the petition in this case.
The petition alleges that “ injuries were caused by the negligence, carelessness and bad management of the defendant and their agents and employés in charge of and running said train of cars." This is the plaintiff’s cause of action, and he must recover upon the allegations of his petition and the proof offered in support of them, or he cannot recover at all. If the plaintiff found that his proof would not support his cause of action as stated, it was his right, upon proper terms, to so amend his allegations as that they should conform to the proof. Revision, § 2977. *565Such amendment and proof should relate to substantially the same claim as set out in the original petition.
The rule of law requiring a conformity of allegation and proof (allegata et probata) is not materially changed by the Code. The consequences of a variance, however, are not so prejudicial as under the common law practice. At the common law, a variance was fatal to the action. Under our Code, any amendments necessary or proper to effectuate the ends of justice to the parties .upon the matter in controversy may be made upon such terms as to costs, &c., as shall protect the rights of the parties, and the action may be prosecuted to final determination. What has been said relates to material amendments. Of course, mere verbal, technical or other variances, not affecting the merits, will be disregarded.
2. peesumpruiTnsfSion 1 en ' II. During the trial of the case, and after the plaintiff, had been examined in chief, the defendant, on cross exam-in.ation, put to the plaintiff this question; “ Are you suing here for your own benefit, or for the benefit of yourself ■ and some other person or persons ?” This question was objected to, and the objection sustained, and this ruling is assigned as error. The bill of exceptions does not set forth the ground of objection, and in such case the rule is, if the question was vulnerable to any objection, it will be presumed in the appellate court that such valid objection was the one made, and hence rightfully sustained. It does not appear that the question was proper cross-examination, since none of the direct examination is shown by the bill of exceptions. We are left, then, no basis of decision, except the presumption that the District Court decided correctly, and thereon must affirm its ruling. The hill of exceptions shows the same state of facts as to the question put to the witness called by the defendant.
*566toSStnegugence. *565III. On motion of plaintiff’s counsel, the court gave *566the following, among other instructions, which was duly excepted to by the defendant: “6. If the plain- ^ was returning with his ‘boss,’ with the handcar to pr0per station, and tho?e in charge of the train knew they would be so returning after the train, and the train arrived at or near the station in Mt. Pleasant, and then, unmindful of the returning workmen, ran tlie train back and into the band-car, while plaintiff, bis ‘boss,’ and other hands were bringing said hand-car to its proper station, and did this in the darkness of night, without usual lights, ringing, or usual alarm, and plaintiff was materially injured thereby, the defendant is liable and plaintiff is entitled to recover.”.
This instruction ignores entirely the question of the plaintiff’s carelessness, or whether he had full, knowledge of the movements of the train, although without the usual signals and lights, and wantonly caused the collision. Suppose the plaintiff knew of the movements of the train and either carelessly or wantonly ran the hand-car against it, could it be claimed that be would, in such caso, be entitled to recover? It seems to us not, and yet eveiy fact set out in the instruction may have been fully proved, and these additional facts also proved, and under the instruction, the plaintiff would still be entitled to recover.
The instruction should have been so qualified as to exempt tbe defendant from liability in case the wantonness or carelessness of the plaintiff materially or approximately contributed to the accident causing the injury. The fourth, fifth, seventh, ninth and tenth instructions are vulnerable to tbe same objections.
4. ikstbucfusion, It is true that the court, on motion of the defendant, gave an instruction, numbered five, as follows: “That if the jury find from the evidence that plaintiff -was in fault, and that his fault contributed materially or approximately to tbe collision and injury, then *567plaintiff cannot recover.” This instruction contains, in substance, the proper modification of the instructions given on motion of plaintiff and excepted to as above.
But the difficulty is, that each of the instructions named states a certain series of facts and then says to the jury, if those facts are proved, the plaintiff is entitled to recover; whereas, if the facts stated in the defendant’s instruction are also proved, the plaintiff is not entitled to recover.
In view of the peculiar phraseology of the plaintiff’s instructions, it is highly probable, if not absolutely certain, that they would mislead the jury, unless the qualification was stated in connection with the instructions themselves. To put the qualification in a separate instruction at the instance of the opposite party, has the appeai’ance to the jury of giving two sets of instructions in conflict with each other, and leaving it optional with them which they will adopt. The instructions should be consistent as a whole, in fact, and with each other, and thereby avoid the probability of misleading. Ordinarily where the whole law of the case is given to the jury, although at the instance of the different parties, this Court will not interfere. But the law must not be so given as to present a conflict, or otherwise to mislead the jury.
i evtallegations {supm). The defendant asked the court to instruct the jury, “that under the state of the pleadings the jury cannot consider any evidence of plaintiff tending to show that there was a foreman in charge of the men on ]mn(j.car by- authority of the railroad company, and no negligence or act of the foreman in controlling the hand-car or men on it can prejudice the defendant”
The court refused to give this instruction. That such refusal was error is apparent from the observations made under the first point in this opinion.
*568negligence 01 boss. *567The defendant also asked the court to instruct the jury *568“that if they find there was negligence in the manner of running the hand-car and on the part of those running it, then each one of those persoñs are cpjargeable with such negligence unless they dissented therefrom in some manner.” The court refused this instruction, and we .think rightly.
If the hand-car was under the charge of a conductor or “ boss ” employed as such by the railroad company, it is difficult to see why other employés or passengers on it should be chargeable'with any negligence of such conductor more or different from what like employés or passengers on a locomotive train would be.
■ The responsibility and subordination requisite in each case, is the same in kind though possibly different in degree. If the railroad company placed a person in the charge of the hand-car, and gave him control over it and the other employés upon it; the liability of the company for his negligence ought not to be parceled out among the subordinate employés, unless it was in some manner, either expressed or implied, voluntarily assumed by them.