1. Swamp graSs: ie”fslative history. The lands in controversy have a legislative history, federal and State, to which it would be well to advert in advance of, and as shedding light upon, the question of priority between ^
They both claim the same lands under distinct grants by Congress, to the State. The plaintiffs insist that they are swamp and overflowed lands, and they deduce their right to the same through the State, under an act of Congress, approved September 28, 1850, entitled “ An act to enable the State of Arkansas and other States to reclaim the ‘ swamp lands ’ within their limits.” The first section *110of this act, without reserve or condition, grants to the States, all the lands of the description therein specified which shall remain unsold at the passage of the same. The second section declares what must be done by the secretary of the interior, and the Governors of States, in order to vest the legal title of these lands in the several States.
The third section lays down a rule to be observed in listing or selecting said lands, namely: that, “ in all legal subdivisions, the greater part of which is wet and unfit for cultivation, shall be included in said list and plats / but when the greater part of a subdivision is not of that character, the whole of it shall be excluded therefromP
This act does not point o'ut the particular mode to be followed by the secretary, in making the required list and plats, nor how he was to obtain the information, in order to comply with the rule above prescribed by Congress. It is manifest, that this information is not supplied by the field-notes of the original survey. A summary of objects and data required to be noted by the surveyor will be found stated on pages 716, 717, of Lester’s Land Laws. Among them, bearing upon the character of the land, are, first, its general topography, whether level, rolling, broken, or hilly; second, the quality of the soil, whether first, second, or third rate; and, third, whether the bottom lands were wet or dry, and if subject to inundation, to. state what depth.
A literal compliance with these directions by the surveyor would fall far short of affording the requisite information .to enable the secretary to determine whether the greater part of a particular forty acre tract of land was swampy or overflowed, in such a sense, under the act, as to render the same unfit for cultivation. If he did so from the field-notes, without more information, it would simply be conjecture. Congress thought best, in its wis*111dom to establish the rule above specified, as a guide to the secretary, not limiting him in the sources of his information to the field-notes of the surveyor, but leaving it to his discretion to make the list and plats of these lands under that rule in the best way he could. It -is proper here to state that some time after the passage of the act (September 28, 1850), granting swamp lands to the States, some additional objects of topography were required-to be observed and stated in the field-notes of the surveyor, in order to define more clearly the quantity and quality of such, land, and to show their distinctive character, whether swampy or otherwise subject to overflow, to an extent that, without artificial means, they would be rendered unfit for cultivation. But this was after the lands in controversy had been surveyed. Lester’s Land Laws, 718.
The manner and basis, therefore, upon which these lists and plats should be made, as contemplated by the act, were left open to the judgment of the secretary of the interior.
In November following the passage of the law, J. Butterfield, the then commissioner of the general land-office, with the sanction, we are to suppose, of the secretary, instructed the surveyor-general of this State to make out lists of all the lands thus granted to the State under said act, remarking to him that the only reliable data in his possession from which such lists could be made were the notes of the surveyor on file in his office, and that, if the authorities of the State were willing to accept them as the basis of those lists, he might so regard them. If not, and those authorities furnished him satisfactory evidence that any lands were of the character embraced by the grant, he should so report them; and he states what would be sufficient evidence in the premises, namely, the affidavits of county surveyors and other respectable per*112sons that understood and had examined the lines, etc. The commissioner then states the general principles which should govern the surveyor-general in making up these lists, both where the field-notes are the basis of his action, and where the State authorities shall conclude to have the surveys made to determine the boundaries of the swamp and overflowed lands, and furnishes a form according to which the lists should be made, directing that one copy of the same should be transmitted to the several land officers and another to the general land-office at Washington. In the same instructions, the commissioner directs that the land selected should be reserved from sale, and, after the selection should be approved by the secretary of the interior, the register should enter all the lands so selected in his tract book, as granted to the State by act of 28th September, 1850, being swamp or overflowed land.
These instructions were continued near ten years with but little change, for the guidance of the surveyor-gen-oral and the States in the selection of the swamp lands. .For the confirmation of this statement, the secretary of the interior, N. McClelland, in a letter addressed to the commissioner of the general land-office, explanatory of the swamp land act, dated November 20, 1855, states that “under it, certain instructions were issued for carrying it into effect, embracing substantially these propositions : that when the field-notes of surveyors indicated the swampy character of the land, they were to be regarded as conclusive of such character; and that when the land is claimed by the State, as such, it shall be by selections made by duly authorized agents of the State, and accompanied by their affidavits that they have examined the said laud, aud, being acquainted with the mode of surveying the public laud, that the greater part of each forty acre tract included in such selection, is swampy, etc.” Lester’s Laud Laws, 521.
*113Again, on the 12th of January, 1858, the secretary of the interior, J. Thompson, addressed a letter to the commissioner, ITon. A. Hendricks, inquiring whether, in his, the commissioner’s, opinion, in bringing to a close the grant of September 28, 1850, in cases of selections reported to his office since the 3d of March, 1857, and in cases where’ the selections yet remained to be made, the general instructions of November, 1850, were sufficient and should be adhered to, or whether new and additional' regulations should be adopted.
In reply to this inquiry, the commissioner first restates • the substance of those instructions as follows: “In all cases where the plats and field-notes represent the land as swampy or subject to such overflow as to render them unfit for cultivation, they belong to the State, and will be so certified.
“ When lands are claimed by the State under this act, which are not so represented on the plat and field-notes, you will require the production of satisfactory evidence that the greater part of each forty acre subdivision ,of the land is of the character specified in the act.”
He then remarks that this point has always been maintained by this office; and that if any instructions, heretofore issued, have been otherwise construed, it has been an error.
In reference to the necessity of an examination of the surface of the land in each subdivision, he gave, among ' others, as a reason, that probably many of the lands were surveyed in dry seasons, and hence, their character for swamp or overflowed lands were not indicated by the descriptive notes and plats, etc.
In conclusion, he states, in answer to the secretary’s inquiry, that he could not perceive, in view of the clear and definite character of the instructions and to which *114the authorities of the State had made no objection, that any additional instructions or regulations were required.
I have been particular in getting at the real character of these instructions, and the length of time they obtained under the authority and with the sanction of the interior department, for reasons which will hereafter appear.
As the act granting these lands contained no specific directions to the secretary as to the means to be employed or the manner in which he should select them, and as the field-notes of the surveyor did not contain data sufficiently full to enable him adequately to carry out the rule which the law laid down for their selection, we suppose it was quite competent for the secretary, through the commissioner, to adopt the form and mode of selection suggested in the instructions which we have just been considering. Under these, the State had the option of adopting one or the other of the two methods; either to make the field-notes of the survey the basis of their selection, or to accept the grant upon the basis of a re-survey, and examination of the surface of land, in order to determine with more precision the quantity and boundaries of the swamp and overflowed lands, furnishing the requisite satisfactory evidence of the same. The States of Michigan and Wisconsin adopted the former; this State, with others, elected to take the latter course. See acts of - the General Assembly, passed February 2d, 1851, Rev. 148.
The act of Congress granting these lands made the secretary of the interior the executive officer for carrying the same into effect. In December, 1857, it became necessary for him to determine at what period the grant took effect, whether it was at the date of the law or when the patent issued. In determining this question, he says : “The granting clause in the first section, namely the *115words, “ are hereby granted,” seemed to him to import, a grant in presentí,. They confer the right to the land, though other proceedings were necessary to perfect the title. Lester’s Land Laws, 549. This construction of the act, by the secretary, then" A. H. H. Stuart, was subsequently confirmed by J. S. Black, attorney-general, in a very clear and able opinion addressed to Jacob Thompson, who was the secretary of the interior at the time, founded upon certain judicial authorities to which reference was made. Lester, 564.
It was also confirmed by Congress, as we think we have reason to infer from the character and objects of an act passed March 2,1855, entitled “ An act for the relief of purchasers and loeaters of swamp and overflowed lands.”
The circumstances giving rise to this act are understood to be these: the lands covered by the grant were not and could not be listed at once, and, therefore, could not be withdrawn from market without at the same time withdrawing the whole mass of public lands; and inasmuch as entries and locations with land-warrants of the public domain were made in a large number of instances without examination of the character or quality of the same, and the local officers, not having the data in the absence of selections, to make the proper descrimination, the result was, that a very large amount of the swamp lands were disposed of to private parties by the government, at the local land-offices.
Now, the effect of all this, under the foregoing decision of the secretary of the interior that the right to these swamp lands vested in the States at the date of the passage -of the law, was to render the title of the private entries and locations exceedingly uncertain, if not altogether ineffectual. Hence it was but natural that those holding lands under .such titles should feel dissatisfied *116with their purchase, and. seek some kind of relief at the hands of Congress.
On the other hand, when the State, by its agents, came to select and list these lands, it found its rights too largely interfered with, to allow it to pass without protest, and lodged a complaint against these intermeddlers, and insisted upon the priority of her claim under the law.
The manner in which Congress adjusted this complaint under the provisions of the act, March 2, 1855, shows, quite unmistakably, that the construction which Congress entertained of the act granting the swamp lands, wras accordant with that of the secretary of the interior and the attorney-general; otherwise, upon the hypothesis that no right to these lands had vested in the State, Congress could not have felt any necessity of extending the relief granted, of validating these private entries, and directing patents to issue thereon; nor, on the other hand, of granting to the State the indemnity therein offered, except upon the idea of a previous investiture in her of the title and right to these lands.
We have not thus referred to the construction which Congress, the attorney-general and the secretary of the interior, have given to this act (and we are not advised that any other executive officer of the government, at an3r time, has expressed a contrary opinion), because we feel it necessary to adopt the same opinion in the disposition of these cases. We expect to place our decision of them on other grounds, and will reserve our opinion, as a court, upon the proposition whether the act grants a present right or not, until the question becomes a vital one in some other case. It may not be out of place, however, for the writer-of this opinion to suggest that, after a more careful examination of the question, he is confirmed in the opinion expressed on the same subject in the case of Allison v. Halfacre (11 Iowa, 450).
*117But let it be stated, that we have referred more particularly to the above official, legal and legislative opinions, as constituting a part of the history of the swamp lands, and for the purpose of explaining the conduct of the General Assembly of this State,' in granting the same to the counties where they may be situated, which it did as early as January, 1853, as well as accounting for all the legislation and dealings of the State with these lands, from the time the secretary of the interior officially declared the act granting them to be one m presentí (nemine eontradieente). Bev., 148 to 160, inclusive.
After this exposition of the effect of the grant, we suppose the State, without provoking unjust criticism, could properly assume the control and ownership of these lands, and deal with them in such way as to attain the objects contemplated by the act of appropriation; first providing, however, for their selection and approval thereof by the department of state.
2 — swamp laud selections: Mms & Fremont counties. Now, in the matter of selecting and listing these lands, let us see what the plaintiffs in these cases have done. The evidence shows that in April, 1853, the county . , „ , . , _ _J; iudge oi Mills county appointed O. N. X. J Tyson, a county surveyor, the agent to select the swamp lands in that county. The selections were made, and a list thereof returned into the county judge’s office on the 31st of December following. The same was duly verified by the affidavit of the selecting agent, to the effect that he understood and had examined the lines bounding the tracts therein designated, and that each quarter was swamp or overflowed lands, and of the character embraced in the act of Congress approved September 28, 1850. This list was reported to the secretary of state, and by him, on the 1st of February, 1854, duly certified to the surveyor-general of this- State, who fowarded the same to the general land-office at "Washing*118ton, on the 20th of September, 1854; with the certificate that he had carefully compared the lists of selections with the field-notes, plats and other evidence on file in his office; and that, by the affidavits of the said county surveyor and State locating agent, it appeared that the greater part of each smallest legal subdivision of the lands embraced in said list was swampy or subject to such overflow as to render it unfit for cultivation, and that it was therefore of the character contemplated by the act of September 28,1850. The surveyor-general, Warner Lewis, at the same time sent a transcript of this list of swamp lands to the register of the land-office of the district' where the same were situated. About the same time, the evidence shows that the register received from the commissioner of the general land-office, John Wilson, a letter dated September 30, 1854, directing him, on receipt from the surveyor-general - of lists of swamp and overflowed lands selected for the State of Iowa, in his district, to note each tract therein embraced, in “ its proper place, on his tract books,” and not to permit any entries or locations upon any part of the same.
This list includes all the lands now in controversy in Mills county. They were selected from actual observation by a county surveyor and sworn to, reported to the surveyor-general, and by him to the general land-office, in the years 1853 and' 1854, nearly two years prior to the passage of the railroad grant.
The lands in Fremont county, in controversy, amount to some 14,255x\\- acres, and were selected in nearly equal quantities at two different periods, and in the same manner that the selections were made in Mills county. The first list was made' out, authenticated, returned, ratified. and approved both by the surveyor-general and commissioner of the land-office at Washington, and with*119drawn, from market at the local land-office, all within the year 1854. “■
The second list of selections were made and duly verified in March, 1856, reported to and fully indorsed by the surveyor-general, and by him were forwarded and filed in the general land-office on the 27th of January, 1857; about the same time, they were designated as swamp lands on the tract book of the local land-office at Council Bluffs, and, by order of the commissioner, withdrawn from sale.
We are unable to perceive any irregularity or departure from the instructions of the interior department, for the selection and listing of these lands, to which we have above referred. Their very full and emphatic approval by the surveyor-general of this State, to whom, under specific instructions, had been intrusted the duty of superintending these selections, and who, after a careful comparison of the same with the data and notes of topograph accompanying the original survey, declared that they were of the character and description of swamp and overflowed lands contemplated in the act of appropriation. This, with their subsequent recognition as such by the commissioner of the general land-office, and withdrawal from public sale on the tract book at the local offices, it would seem ought to settle the regularity and accuracy of the selections, and that they, were in accordance with the rules of previous instructions from the department. It is worthy of note that we find no legal testimony in all the papers of these cases impeaching the tona fieles of the selections mentioned herein, except the certifications thereof years afterward by the commissioner to the department. The circumstances and ground upon which this was done will appear further on.
*1203. — investment of title in the state, *119The point next to be noticed in order in the history of these lands, are the difficulties and embarrassments result*120ing from the action of the interior department, , ° , , . 1 ? m carrying out the. provisions ox the act, March 2d, 1855, for the relief of purchasers and locaters of swamp lands, according to their understood intent and meaning.
A very large number of controversies at once sprung up, which led to great excitement, exasperation and expense, a detailed explication of which 'is not now necessary, but which terminated, on the memorial of the General Assembly of this and perhaps other States, in the passage by Congress of an act of repose, approved March 3d, 1857, to the effect that the selections of swamp and overflowed lands, heretofore made and reported to the commissioner of the general land-office, so far as the same remain vacant and unappropriated, should be confirmed, approved and patented to the States, as soon as practicable, agreeably to the provisions of the act granting the same. Lester, 285.
4. _ in Fremont and Mills counties. The circumstances giving rise to this confirmatory act, as well as the obvious import of the language itself, leave no doubt whatever of its meaning and intent, 0f investing absolutely in the several States 0 J such lists of swamp and overflowed lands, whether actually so or not, as had before that time been made out and reported to the commissioner of the general land-office; and such, precisely, was the category of the lands now in dispute. They had not only been listed and reported, but their selection had been made in strict compliance with the rules prescribed by the interior department, and all returned, approved, and withdrawn from public sale before this act in question was passed. Now, whatever doubt there may exist as to the precise time when the title to these lands vested, under the original act granting the same, there cannot be the slightest semblance of a question that the effect of this act was the *121immediate investure of the title to all the selections made and reported at the date of the law, which did not interfere with actual settlements made under pre-existing laws ; and such is the construction which the secretary of the interior very properly gave this act, again and again (Lester’s Land Laws, 558, 562, 563, 565, 567, 570); and, under that construction, very many contests in regard to the character of these lands, pending at the passage of this 'act, fell to the ground thereafter, and were no longer the subject of disputation. This act, being mandatory and absolute in its terms, its effect was intended to compose all differences about the character of the selections made and reported; so that the power of the secretary of the interior over these questions was exhausted and at an end, and he had left, no duty to perform in reference to them, except the mere ministerial duty of furnishing the several Governors of the States with a true certified list thereof, from the commissioner, under the seal of his office, which is all the patent or evidence of title required under another act of Congress approved August 3,1854 (Lester, 236); and also the additional duty of determining whether any of these reported selections had been otherwise appropriated or interfered with by legal settlements.
5. _ right to certification. Subject to this qualification, the right of the State to demand a certificate of these selections cannot be ques-5 an(l ^ is this right to demand which constitutes the plaintiff’s claim, and which, we suppose, in a court of justice, is equivalent to the title; the certified list, when made, only the evidence thereof.
Having traced out the nature and foundations-of the plaintiff’s right and claim to these lands, let us see next the nature and basis of the defendant’s claim to the same lands.
*1226. _ railroad land grants. *121Derived, as it is, from an act of Congress, approved May *12215, 1856, appropriating land to the State in alternate sections to aid in the construction of certain lines of railway therein specified, it will not , , ,, ... , do to overlook the restrictions and reservations which it contains, as qualifying the rights of the State under the grant, and the date at which she would take under the same. First, it reserves from the operation thereof all lands heretofore appropriated for the purpose of aiding in any objects of internal improvement, or for any other purpose whatever. This reservation is sufficiently broad to except the swamp land grant; besides, we are not at liberty to suppose that Congress would be guilty of the folly of granting the same lands for two distinct objects. Second, the enacting or granting clause contains this provision:
“ But in case it shall appear that the United States have, when the lines or routes of said roads are definitely fixed, sold any sections or any parts thereof, granted as aforesaid, or that the right of pre-emption has attached to the same, then it shall be lawful for any agent or agents, to be appointed by the Governor of said State, to select, subject to the approval of the secretary of the interior, from the lands of the United States nearest to the tiers of sections above specified, so much land in alternate sections as shall be equal to such lands as the United States have sold or otherwise appropriated, or to which the right of pre-emption has attached.”
The object of this provision is too clear for misapprehension. It was to keep the grant open, so as not to prevent private entries from going on, or other disposition of the same by the government, until the lines of the several railways were definitely established, before which it would be impossible, in the nature of things, for the right of the State to attach, for the reason that the grant is limited to odd sections within a prescribed distance from such line. *123In the absence of such a restriction, the difficulties that arose under the swamp land grant (to relieve against which the act of March 2d, 1855, above referred to, was passed by Congress) would have been duplicated. Congress was confined either to this restriction, or the withdrawal of all the public lands in the State from sale, for the time béing, or otherwise, witness a repetition of the conflicts and embarrassments .that grew out of the swamp land grant, for the want of a similar restriction. Now, as entries at large were permitted under this railroad grant up to the time that the line should be definitely fixed, it will hardly be contended that a party having a pre-emption right on, or who should be a purchaser of one of the odd sections after the date of the grant, but within its limits, as subsequently ascertained by a final location of the route, could be divested- of his right and title by the superior claim of the railroad company. If not, upon what principle is it that the defendant in this case claims priority of right over the plaintiffs to the lands in dispute, when the final location of the line of its road was not definitely determined until the 24th of March, 1857, being subsequent in date to the act confirming irrevocably the title thereto as swamp lands.
7. _oertifl. cation void. There can be but one answer to this, worthy of our consideration, which is, that, inasmuch as the commissioner of the general land-office, under the rea| or SUpp0se(j authority of the secretary of the interior, has certified these lands to the department, his action in the premises, whether right or wrong, being political and executive in its character, cannot be reviewed or drawn in question by the courts of the country.
This is the principal and certainly the most important point of the defense in these cases. It merits attentive consideration, and should be preceded by a statement of *124some of the circumstances leading to the certification in question.-
First, it will be remembered that, as early as 1851, the secretary of the interior declared the swamp land act a present grant; that shortly thereafter, the legislature of this State granted these lands to the counties; that Fremont and Mills counties, plaintiffs herein, proceeded to select the same, pursuant to instructions emanating from the interior department; that these selections were of the character contemplated by the act, as proven in the manner prescribed in the instructions, and certified to by the surveyor-general, ratified and approved by the commissioner, entered as such on the tract books of the local offices, and withdrawn from public sale. Afterward, but before the defendant had the route of its road definitely fixed, Congress, by a special act, March 3, 1857, confirmed the selections, and directed that they should at once be certified to the State as swamp lands. The effect of this act, in the opinion of the secretary, as he frequently expressed it, was to' foreclose all questions in regard to the swampy character of these lands, leaving no duty for him to perform in relation thereto, except to determine how far these selections, so confirmed, were interfered with by prior vested rights under other acts of Congress.
The secretary had informed the commissioner (Lester, 537) that, before title to railroad lands would vest, the route must be staked off and marked upon the ground in such manner as to indicate clearly the fixedness of the line; that the mere survey of the line fixes nothing; that it is . only means of information, not location. He says, “ definitely fixed ” implies fixed without capacity of change. Attorney-General Cushing, speaking of the Iowa railroad grants, informs the secretary that, whilst they are conditional grants, m presentí,, yet they are in the nature of *125floats, which do not attach to any particular parcel of the public lands, until the necessary determinative lines of railroad shall have been definitely fixed. Now, in this sense, the defendants’ line was not permanently established till March 21, 1857, which was posterior to the confirmation of plaintiffs’ title by act of Congress. This fact, in the opinion, both of the commissioner of the general land-office, Mr. Hendricks, and Mr. Thompson, the secretary of the interior, as expressed in letters to each other, dated the 2d and 10th of December, 1858 (Lester’s Land Laws, 566-7), established the priority of plaintiffs’ claims, under the confirming act of March 3, 1857. Tet, under all these circumstances, and notwithstanding the plaintiffs had, in the mean time, sold much of these lands, and, as the evidence shows, had expended many thousand dollars in reclaiming the same, according to the expressed purpose of the grant, Mr. Edmunds, a new commissioner of the general land-office, on the 25th of March, 1862, certified the lands now in dispute as inuring to the State for the use of the defendant, under the railroad grant, May 15, 1856, being some seven or eight years after the saíne had been selected and approved as swamp lands, by his predecessors, and more than five years after they had been confirmed to the State as swamp lands by a special act of Congress.
N ow, as this act was directly in opposition to the declared views of the former officers of the interior department and land-office, to which wo have already referred, and also against the express legal opinion of the attorney-general, Black, Nov. 10,1858 (Lester, 56d), in which he held, with great show of reason, that where lands are claimed under a swamp and a railroad grant, either of which would be. good if the other was out of the way, the elder one must prevail, “ prior est tempore potior est jwre” it is interesting to learn how this was brought about, and upon what *126pretense it was done. It will be remembered that soon after the railroad grant was made, in 1856, the interior department was prevailed upon, by parties interested in this grant, to suspend the certification of swamp land selections until an adjustment could be made of the rights of the parties under the two grants. For four years thereafter, the commissioner and secretary failed to reject any portion of these selections on the one hand, or to certify the same to the State for the benefit of the railway companies on the other. In the mean time, however, they settled questions of conflict between the two grants arising in this and other States, and adopted rules for executing the same, under which they never could have - done so, without a change of opinion as to the construction of these- acts, as we have before shown.
■ After they retired -from office, and were succeeded by Mr. Smith as secretary and Mr. Edmunds as commissioner, the agents of defendant, General Dix, president of the Mississippi &' Missouri B. B. Co., and a Mr. Steiger, its land agent at Washington, renewed the application for the certification of these lands to the defendant, and persistently urged the same until Mr. Edmunds finally complied. But before he could certify he must first register them from the swamp selections. This he accomplished by passing through the selections and casting out of the lists those tracts in odd sections within the range of the railway grant, which the field-notes of the surveyor did not indicate to be swampy and overflowed in such manner as to render them unfit for cultivation; thereby overhauling, and undoing all that the State and counties had done at much expense under a rule for the selection of these lands, prescribed-by his predecessor, and acquiesced in by the department for: a- series of years.- He professed to derive his authority for doing so from a letter of instructions written by the secretary of-the interior, dated.February *1278, 1860. That he failed to apprehend the true import of this letter as applicable to the facts of these cases, there can be but little doubt. A transcript of this letter is in the record; it will not be found in Lester’s Land Laws.
Conflicts between the swamp and the road grants assumed different phases, according to the diverse facts under which they sprung up.
The letter in question is, generally, designed to cover all and not particular cases, and was intended to lay down rules of adj ustment that would meet each class of cases therein specified.
The first class, and the rule applying thereto, is this: that when the lands are claimed under both grants, and the title under the railroad grant had vested after the passage of the confirmatory act,.March 3d, 1857, as evidenced by a definite location of the line of road, then the title should be completed under the swamp act.
The second class is, when claim is made under both grants, and the title under the railway grant vested, as aforesaid, before the passage of act March 3, 1857. The rule prescribed in this phase of the conflict looked to an investigation into the character of the swamp selections ; and the commissioner was directed to examine these selections in the light of the field-notes of the surveyor and the papers on file and of record, and, if the claim under the older grant was satisfactorily established, to affirm the title under the same, otherwise to certify the title under the junior grant.
"We need not notice the other cases of conflict mentioned in this letter. They refer to selections of swamp land made subsequent to the act of March 3, 1857, and would have no particular pertinency to the cases before us.
Now, the mistake which we think the commissioner made, was in applying the rule of adjustment laid down for settling conflicts in the second class, to those of the *128first class, within which, the evidence shows, these cases fall; and it may not be out of place to suggest that, inasmuch as the act of rejection mentioned was not only without authority but really at variance with the instructions of the secretary of the interior, the same should be treated as a void act.
But afterward he certified these rejected swamp lands to the defendant; and it is said his act in this respect was approved by Secretary Smith. This is true; yet both the certification and approval contained this qualification : that they did so subject to the conditions of the grant, and any. valid interfering rights which might exist. This reservation would seem to imply hesitation and doubt of the propriety of the act; whilst rights injurioilsly affected thereby might be in some way redressed.
Nevertheless, it is now claimed that this act of certification, being political and executive in its character, and the formal disposition of the soil, concludes all judicial inquiry into any antecedent right or claim which may be set up to the same.
8. _ acts of executive officer: violation of vested rights. That the power to make all needful rules and regulations for the disposition of the public lands, under the Constitution, belongs to Congress, is no longer open question in this country. When, within these rules and not interfering with previously acquired substantial rights, the government officers do dispose of the public domain, the title will not be allowed to be gainsaid or impeached. We do not understand the authorities referred to by the defendant to go any further than this.
On the other hand, if a legal or vested right is in any way impaired or violated by an executive officer of the government, even in the matter of certifying lists of land granted previously by Congress, we suppose such violation to fall as legitimately within the j udicial cognizance of the courts, *129as if tbe same right had been invaded by an individual or the legislative department of the government. We take it to be a well established principle of law, that when a party, in the prosecution of a right, does everything which the law requires, and fails to attain his right by the misconduct, negligence, ignorance or mistake of a public officer, the law covers and will protect the right. The following are some of the authorities which will support the principle here laid down: Lytle v. The State of Arkansas, 9 How., 315; Leissure et al. v. Price, 12 Id., 60; Ladiga v. Roland et al., 2 Id., 581; Bagnel v. Brodrick, 13 Pet., 436; Wilcox v. Jackson, 13 Id., 498.
We can add nothing to the force of the facts which we have already detailed, showing that the investiture of the plaintiffs’ right to these lands had really taken place anterior to the date when defendants’ right attached by virtue of the permanent location of the road line.
If anything was left undone by the plaintiffs in selecting and listing these lands which was required by the act granting them, or by the rules and instructions of the interior department, as to the manner of making and reporting them, in order to make good their right, we have been unable to detect it from the record. But, when, in addition to this, they were recognized by the department as regular and valid, and subsequently confirmed by Congress, after they had been separated from the mass of other public lands and designated by legal divisions and subdivisions, what other acts could the government have done to have more effectually vested the right in and to these lands than those just enumerated ?
And if the plaintiffs have a vested right, why are they not entitled to a stand in a court of justice, as have all other parties with invaded legal rights? The reply is, they are concluded by the act of the commissioner who rejected them as swamp lands, and certified them as rail*130road lands. But suppose these same lands had been taken up by private entries (the swamp grant act being out of the way)- at any time before the line of the roads were definitely fixed, and they should afterward be certified by the commissioner to the defendants as railroad lands; would such certfication conclude the rights of private purchasers, although they had not yet obtained their patents ? It seems to us that upon no fair principle of interpretation of these several acts of Congress could the certificate of a mere ministerial officer have that effect.
Congress never intended to attach such undue solemnity to these certificates, as will abundantly appear from the language of an act passed August 3, 1854, which, while it provides that the certified list by the commissioner shall bave tbe effect to convey the fee simple of all the lands embraced in said lists that are of the character contemplated by the act of Congress, and intended to be granted thereby, yet further declares “ that, when lands embraced in such lists are not of the character embraced by such act of Congress, and are not intended to be granted thereby, said lists, so far as these lands are concerned, shall be perfectly null and void, and no right, title, claim or interest shall be conveyed thereby.” Lester’s Land Laws, 236.
This negatives the conclusive character of these certificates, and when they are made in the manner supposed, so as to make them null and void, there must he some tribunal to determine that question. If they contravene substantial legal rights, as in this case, we do not see why the courts of the country are not open to afford the adequate redress. Believing that they are, and that the court below decided right in these cases, we -shall affirm the same.
Affirmed.