I. As to the notice imparted by the registration of the trust-deed.
1. recording act: variance in name. One object of the present suit is to have the mortgage executed by Mrs. Stringham and husband, _r ^ , / May 28th, 1856, to McGaughey, Muma & Co., and soon afterward assigned to the plaintiff, declared to be a prior lien to the deed of trust which was executed April 18th, 1856, and recorded on the 21st day of the same month. No actual notice to the plaintiff of the deed of trust is shown. vWas it constructive notice to him ? This he denies. And the ground of this denial is, that the record of the deed of trust did not impart constructive notice of its existence. The facts are these:
The property was owned by Mrs. Stringham. It had been conveyed to her by the name of “Almira J. String-ham.” Her name before her marriage was Almira Jane Ashley. It .was in evidence that after her marriage she wrote her name in two ways, viz.: Almira J. Stringham and Jane A. or J. A. Stringham. She was commonly called Jane Stringham when her Christian name was used.
In executing the deed of trust she signed her name “ J. A. Stringham.” Though it is stated in the instrument that “ Thomas H. Stringham relinquishes all of his *191interest,” etc., he does not join in the same. In the index to the record of this mortgage her name appears as A. J. Stringham. In the record there is a caption to the instrument thus : “ Almira J. Stringham to Andrew J. Stevens. Deed of Trust.” Whether this was placed there by the recorder, or copied from the original deed of trust,does not very clearly appear, the original deed of trust not being in evidence.
Under these circumstances it is our opinion that the iecord was sufficient to impart constructive notice. The index, as to her name, was as appellant claims it should be. Shp wrote her name both ways. A searcher of this title in tracing it would find that the'property had been conveyed to Almira J. Stringham.
The index could inform him that A. J. Stringham had executed a deed of trust upon the property, the title to which he was examining. Turning to the record he would find a deed of trust for the same property, with a caption of the same name as that stated in the index, and a reference in the instrument to Thos. H. Stringham (the husband), though the instrument purported to be signed J. A. Stringham.
Here was enough, as we think, to lead a prudent examiner to a knowledge of the deed of trust, and to affect a subsequent incumbrancer with constructive notice.
II. As to the right of the plaintiff to redeem from the saleiunder the deed of trust.
s. trust beed : error in statement. The plaintiff claims the right to redeem from the sale under the deed of trust upon two distinct grounds,
1. Because the deed of trust was not properly foreclosed.
(a) The trust-deed, after authorizing the trustee to sell, and prescribing the notice, etc.», empowers him “ to execute a deed therefor to the purchaser, to pay off the *192amount herein secured, with interest and costs, and to hold the same subject to my order.”
This, probably, refers to the balance of the money and not to the deed; but, as the grantor in the deed of trust was dead, the trustee could not well hold the deed subject to her order, and yet obtain the means from the sale with which to pay the debt. It is our opinion that he was authorized in making the sale to execute and deliver to the purchaser a deed upon receiving from him the purchase-money. The main and leading purpose of the instrument was to give to the creditor the right to make his money by a sale of the property by the trustee, and it should be construed accordingly. This purpose would be frustrated if the word “ same ” was construed as the plaintiff’s counsel suggests it should be.
The deed of trust is copied from the form given by the Code of 1851 (p. 195), and the word “ same ” is used in stead of the word “ remainder ” — doubtless a mere clerical inadvertence.
3_&re_ closure. (5) It will be remembered that, when the trustee advertised the property for sale, Stringham, first as the administrator and subsequently as the heir and ¿[evigee 0f lag -^fe, filed a bill against Brown, thé trustee, and Callanan, the cestui que trust, to enjoin the sale, alleging that the debt had been paid, etc. On the final hearing the District Court found the amount due Callanan, denied the injunction, ordered that the plaintiff therein take nothing by his petition, and that the trustee make the amount by a sale under the powers contained in the trust-deed instead of ordering the amount to be collected by sale on special execution. This the present plaintiff insists the court had no right to do, and that the sale by the trasteé under such circumstances is void.
The decree of the court was proper. It might have rendered a decree and ordered a special execution to en*193force it; but as tbe instrument was a deed of trust wbicb tbe creditor bad a right to foreclose out of court (Code, 1851, § 2096), and as tbe court bad found that tbe debt was just and due, and that there was no ground for an injunction, it was competent for it to dismiss tbe suit, wbicb would leave tbe creditor at liberty to proceed under tbe deed of trust, tbe same as if no suit bad been brought. And such, in substance, was tbe decree of tbe court. Tbe sale made by tbe trustee derives its efficacy from tbe trust-deed and not from tbe decree. Its effect is tbe same as if no proceeding in court bad been commenced, tbe same as if no decree had been rendered. Tbe decree does not undertake to affect or bar tbe rights of Tbos. H. Stringham as to dower, and bis rights in that respect are just tbe same as if be bad never instituted the suit in wbicb tbe decree was rendered.
Ve repeat that tbe sale under the deed of trust has precisely tbe same effect as if this suit bad not been commenced. Tbe sale was by virtue of tbe power contained in tbe trust instrument. Since Tbos. II., tbe husband, did not join with bis wife in tbe execution thereof, bis rights as husband would not be affected by a sale thereunder. But so far as be claimed under his deceased wife, as heir or devisee, bis rights would be cut off by a valid sale made in accordance with tbe terms of tbe trust-deed, Code, 1851, § 2096.
4. redehipinterest. 2. It is claimed that tbe plaintiff has tbe right to redeem from the sale under tbe trust-deed, because be is tbe owner of tbe dower-right of Tbos. IT. Stringham, the husband, who did not join in the execution of tbe deed of trust.
This claim obviously rests upon tbe assumption that the husband, in virtue of bis dower-interest, and in virtue of that alone, would have a right to redeem from a yalid sale made under tbe deed of trust. If he could not thus *194have redeemed, of course the plaintiff, as the alleged assignee of his dower-interest, cannot do so.
The right of redemption is founded upon an interest in the estate mortgaged, which will be prejudiced or affected if the right to redeem is denied. If the husband had signed the trust-deed, it is clear that he might redeem in virtue of his dower-right at any time before a sale, or even after a sale, if the power has not been legally executed by the trustee. Why ? Because he has an interest which will be, or may be, destroyed, if no redemption is made. See Scrib. on Dower, chapter 23, pagés 459-461, 473-475, et seq., where many of the authorities are collected.
But here, the husband did not sign the trust-deed, and his rights, as husband, could not be and were not affected by a sale thereunder.
These rights were paramount to the trust instrument, were not embraced in it, nor put in peril by it, nor affected by a sale under it. His right to dower remained the same as if no trust-deed had ever been executed. After a sale thereunder he could not redeem from it in virtue of his dower interest, for the plain reason that this interest existed just as fully against the purchaser at the sale as if no sale had ever been made.
Where there has been a valid j udicial sale of property as against the husband, although the dower of the wife might not be affected thereby, we have never heard it claimed that by reason of having a dower-right she might redeem from such sale, though it were in every respect regular against the husband. Such a decision would unsettle hundreds of titles and could rest upon no principle of logic or policy.
Without further discussion, we conclude our observations on this point by remarking that the effect of the non-joinder of the husband in the execution of the deed *195of trust would be to preserve his dower interest; but not to give him by reason thereof a right to redeem from a regular sale made in accordance with the terms of the contract (the deed of trust) between the owner of the fee and her creditor.
6 dowersSe'offrigM of purchaser. III. Rights ok the plaintiee as respects the dower interest oe Thomas H. Stringham. — It will be borne in mind that the trust-deed was executed in 1856, an^ that the wife died in 1857. Hence the ae£ 0f qg58 (Rev. § 2255) has no application to the present case.
It should be remarked that under our statute the husband has the same right of dower in the real estate of the wife that she has in his real estate.
We have before seen that the husband’s right of dower was not affected by the trust-deed or sale thereunder, for the reason that he did not join in the execution of the instrument. At the time of the sale under the deed of trust his right of dower in the property was consummate, as his wife had before that time deceased.
He could have applied to have his dower assigned, and the defendants, as the alienees of the wife, could not successfully have defended against it. He did not sign the instrument under which they deduce title; and they could not say that he had joined with his wife in the execution of a mortgage to the plaintiff subsequent to the date of the deed of trust. Besides, the mere execution of such a mortgage prior to a foreclosure and sale thereunder would not bar the right to dower, for, as respects all persons, unless it be the mortgagee, the mortgagor is regarded as the owner.
If the plaintiff’s mortgage had not been foreclosed and a sale had thereunder, no proposition can be plainer than that Thomas H. Stringham would be entitled to dower in the property, and could have it assigned or *196admeasured to him as against the defendants claiming under the trust-deed.
It will be remembered that, after the execution of the trust-deed by the wife alone, she being the owner of the property, she and her husband united in the execution of a mortgage to the plaintiff; that after the death of the wife this mortgage was foreclosed, and the property sold, under the decree, to the plaintiff, who has obtained therefor a sheriff’s deed. The defendants were not parties to the foreclosure proceeding, and the sale thereunder was not made until 1866. (See statement, division IY.) And the question here presented is, what rights, if any, did the plaintiff acquire by virtue of the mortgage and the foreclosure decree and sale under it.
The defendants insist that the plaintiff acquired nothing thereby, because all rights conferred by the mortgage (which was subsequent to the deed of trust) were barred or extinguished by the previous sale under the powers contained in the instrument last named. And it is clear that the sale under the deed of trust did operate to cut off all subsequent rights so far as the wife had the power to authorize this to be done. But, as we have already seen, this did not affect the right of the husband to dower; and, this right remained in the husband not only after the execution of the trust-deed, but after the sale under it.
So far as the husband claims as heir or devisee he claims under his wife, and as she was cut off by the sale under the deed of trust, he is likewise cut off. This leaves nothing in him but the dower right. Of this, the plaintiff claims to be the assignee by reason of his mortgage foreclosure and purchase. This the defendants controvert ■; and to this question we briefly turn our attention.
*1978. — nature right.. This makes it necessary to consider the nature of the dower right or interest. Although in this instance it is the husband’s dower right that is in dispute, yet the question is the same as if the dower right of the wife were in issue, since the husband and wife are in this respect placed by the statute upon precisely the same footing.
It has been correctly remarked by Mr. Scribner in his very recent and able work (2 Scrib. on Dower, ch. 1, p. 5 et seq.), that courts have found it not a little difficult to -define the nature of the dower interest as a right of property. It is, indeed, in many respects, anomalous, neither furnishing nor borrowing reliable analogies from other branches or institutions in the law. (Park. Dow. 152.) Because, before the death of the husband (or under our statute of the husband or wife), the right is both inchoate and contingent — neither perfect or vested, and because it is impossible to tell whether it would ever become mature or fixed, some judges have used expressions denying it to be an interest in lands.
And yet that it is an interest in or pertaining to lands, and that it is of a valuable character, cannot be denied. Because it is so, it cannot be released or conveyed, except in writing. White v. White, 1 Harr. (N. J.) 202; Keeler v. Tatnell, 3 Zabr. (N. J.) 62. Because it is so, the exist ence of an.inchoate right of dower has been regarded as a breach of the covenant against incumbrances. Carter v. Denman, 3 Zabr. 260; Porter v. Noyes, 2 Greenl. 22; Jones v. Gardner, 10 Johns. 266.
Although it is not an estate in lands, or before the death a vested interest in them, we think the author above named is entirely right in regarding it as “ a substantial right, possessing, in contemplation of law, the attributes of property, and to be estimated and valued as such. 2 Scrib. Dow. 8. In this State the interest of a doweress *198has always been considered as an interest in land, and recoverable as such in a real action. Rice v. Nelson, ante, 148.
The dower interest has a law unto itself.
During the life of the husband and wife, the latter can make no beneficial use of the right for herself. She cannot disannex or separate it from the land, and sell and convey it as a distinct interest.
At common law she could not release it to her husband or to a trustee for his benefit, nor relinquish her right thereto in any other way than by joining with her husband in a sale and conveyance of the land to a third person. See Simms v. Hervey, 19 Iowa, 272, and the authorities on this subject collected by Mr. Scribner, 2 Dow. p. 299, pl. 43 — particularly, Carson v. Murray, 3 Paige, 483; Rowe v. Hamilton, 3 Greenl. 63; Martin v. Martin, 22 Ala. 86; Townsend v. Townsend, 2 Sandf. 711; McKee v. Reynolds, 26 Iowa, 578.
Pier right, while it is inchoate, cannot be levied on or otherwise seized for her debts. Nor can it, after it has become consummate by the death of the husband, and prior to its assignment, be levied on or seized for her debts at law, unless by the aid of statute provisions ; but yet it has been thus reached in equity and subjected to the payment of her debts. See cases cited, 2 Scrib. 45.
At law the unassigned right of dower could not be the subject of a valid grant to a stranger though it might even, before assignment be released to‘the heir. But in equity the right of a widow to sell and convey her dower interest, before assignment, has frequently been recognized, and the assignee may prosecute a suit for dower in her name (2 Scrib. Dow. 40, 41, 43, and cases cited, especially Potter v. Everitt, 7 Ired. Eq. 52; Robie v. Flanders, 23 N. H. 524; Thompson v. Simpson, 3 Barr. 60, 71; Rowe v. Johnson, 19 Me. 146; Wilson v. *199McLenaghan and Lamar v. Scott, cited below); if not, indeed, under the Code, in his own name, as the real party in interest. See on this point Strong v. Clem, 12 Ind. 37; Wilson v. McLenaghan, 1 McMul. Eq. (S. C.) 35; Lamar v. Scott, 4 Rich. (S. C.) 515.
In the case now under consideration, the husband, in joining with his wife, conveyed or relinquished his dower interest to the mortgagee.
Chancellor 'Walworth, in speaking of a similar conveyance, uses this language, which we quote as applicable to the case in hand: “ Mrs. Arnold joined with her husband in the mortgage; and, of course, her dower interest in the premises is pledged for the payment of his debt, so far as the same can be reached and applied for that purpose under a decree of foreclosure made in conformity to the statute.” Bank, etc., v. Arnold, 5 Paige, 38.
The dower interest of Mr. String-ham, then, was pledged to the mortgagee by the mortgage under which the plaintiff claims. If the wife had continued to live until now, the husband’s dower interest would have been of no present value to the plaintiff. So if the wife had survived the husband. But it so happened that she died before her husband, and before either the deed of trust or mortgage was foreclosed.
The husband’s right of dower thereupon became consummate. He had a right to have it assigned ; and this right continued, as we have shown, after the sale under the deed of trust, and it continued, as we think, until the sale to the plaintiff under her foreclosure decree upon the mortgage executed by both the husband and wife.
By this sale the dower interest of the husband became vested in the plaintiff.
The authorities above referred to show that equity will recognize and enforce a sale and conveyance of the dower interest before the dower has been assigned or ad-*200measured, and, if so, equity ought to recognize the rights acquired by the plaintiff by his purchase under the foreclosure decree.
By that purchase he became the assignee or owner of the husband’s dower interest. After such sale the husband could no longer demand to have his dower assigned for his own benefit. By his purchase the plaintiff acquired all the rights as to dower which the husband had before possessed. This view, which seems sound in principle and is supported by authority, also works justice. Defendants purchased subject to the dower incumbrance. Why should they relieve their estate from it without paying for it ? Plaintiff bought and paid for the dower interest. Why should he not have it, especially as against the defendants who have never acquired it or paid for it?
It may be proper to add that the case might present a different question if the conveyance by the wife alone had been absolute, instead of a deed of trust or mortgage, or if the deed of trust had been foreclosed and her title divested in her life-time, though subsequent to the execution of the mortgage to McGaughey, Muma & Co.
9. — right uncler laws of 18B3. IV. Nature and extent oe the dower interest oe the husband. — Having thus arrived at the conclusion that the plaintiff, by his purchase at the fore- - . . ' „ closure sale, is the beneficial and real owner of the dower interest of Mr. Stringham, the next question which arises is as to the extent of that interest. Mrs. Stringham died without issue, and devised all of her real and personal property to her husband. Her death occurred in January, 1857. At the time the deed of trust and mortgage were made, as well as at the time of her death, the law of 1853 as to dower (Rev. § 2177) was in force. This gave dower the same as at common law, which would be one-third for life. At the time of the death of Mrs. Stringham, section 1110 of the Code of *2011851, as to the descent of property, was in force, which provided in effect that if Mrs. Stringham had died intestate, there being no issue, her husband would be entitled to one-half of her estate in fee, this half to include his dower.
Under this section of the statute the plaintiff claims that Mr. Stringham would be entitled to one-half of the property in fee, and that, as the assignee of the husband, the plaintiff is entitled to the same interest. There are several answers to this position.
1. Mrs. S. did not die intestate.
2. The statute (§ 1410 of Code) contemplated the disposition of property which had not been disposed of by the intestate in his life-time, or which was not necessary to pay debts.
3. All of the interest of Mrs. S., and all interest of her heirs and devisees, was extinguished by the sale under the deed of trust.
The only interest which this sale did not cut off was the dower interest of the husband, which was simply one-third for life, as at common law.
10 _damages for detention, Y. Damages for detention of dower. — The defendants have been in possession of the property, receiving re11!0 and profits, since their purchase at ^g trustee’s gale in October, 1860. The plaintiff asks, if he shall be found to be the assignee of the dower interest, that he shall be allowed for one-half or one-third (as the court shall decide) of the rents or income of the property which have been received by the defendants.
There are several reasons why this claim cannot be granted.
In the first place, while we decide that the plaintiff is the assignee of the husband’s dower interest, yet the dower has never been assigned, and there is no prayer *202that it shall be. When it is assigned, the plaintiff may or may not be entitled to damages for its detention. In this case the lands are held by the defendants, the alienees of the wife; and the plaintiff did not perfect his right to the dower interest until his purchase at the decree sale in January, 1866. It may admit of question whether his right to damages in respect of rents and profits could in any event go beyond the date of his purchase. But if it could, the case of O'Ferrall v. Simplot (4 Iowa, 381) settles that the right to damages as against the defendant arises only from the time of a demand for dower, provided the demand was not more than six years before the commencement of the suit. In the case just cited, this subject was very carefully examined, and the decision is unquestionably correct.
u._piead. ing' The petition as amended, although it sets out facts which prima facie entitle the plaintiff to be regarded as the assignee of the dower interest, and although it asks in substance that the plaintiff’s rights in this respect be declared and established, does not specifically seek to have the dower assigned. The defendants, in their answer and cross-petition, set up the proceedings under the deed of trust, and ask that their title be quieted. The court entered a decree for the defendants. If this decree should remain unmodified it might and probably would bar the plaintiff from asserting his rights as the assignee of the dower interest. In this respect the plaintiff is entitled to have it modified.
The decree below will be so modified as not to bar or preclude the plaintiff from instituting such suit or proceedings as he may see proper, to have the dower interest of Thos. EL Stringham set off or admeasured. Nor is the defendant to be precluded or barred from meeting such claim by any defense he may have thereto.
To facilitate the bringing of this litigation to an end *203we have called attention to the rules of law in respect to damages for the detention of dower.
With this disposition of the case it is not deemed necessary to enter into an examination of the question as to the amount of rents collected or which might have been collected by the plaintiff, or as to their application. These questions are left open to be adjusted in the pending suit on the first mortgage, or otherwise.
The costs of this appeal will be equally divided.
Decree modified.