We will consider the objections to the judgment in the order we find them presented in the arguments of appellant’s counsel. They require but brief discussion.
1. pleading: corporation, I. Several instructions, it is insisted, are erroneous, on ground that they assume the defendant is a municipal corporation, when its character is neither averred in the petition nor shown by the evidence. The petition alleges that the defendant “was and still is a corporation created by authority of the State of Iowa, in Mahaska county, Iowa, under the name and style of the City of Oskaloosa.” This averment is sufficient to charge defendant in the capacity of a corporation, and a bare denial thereof does not put in issue the corporate character of defendant. Code, §§ 2716, 2717.
2. —: corporation. II. The defendant is described in the petition as a city, and its style is averred to be the City of Oskaloosa. This is a sufficient averment of the fact that it is a municipal corporation. The description of a corporation as a city is direct and unmistakable, so far as its character and capacity are involved. O'Donnell v. Evansville R. Co., 14 Ind., 259.
3 municipal jCud?dafÍío-s: tice. III. Courts will take judicial notice of the charters or laws under which cities are incorporated. Dillon’s Mun.' Corp., § 50. It was not, therefore, necessary to allege or pr0Ve the power possessed by the city over its streets under the laws of the state. The objection founded upon the want of such allegation and proof is not, therefore, well taken.
IY. Two instructions gave rules to the jury, to be applied in case they found that the ditch into which plaintiff fell was dug by the city or by others under contract with the city. It is claimed that there is no evidence of either fact, and the instructions were, therefore, erroneous. It does not appear that there was any contest upon this point at the trial, and that *356there was any claim made that the ditch was dug without authority of the city. There is evidence to show that the ditch was dug across the sidewalk for the purpose of laying down gas pipes, and that it had been examined and inspected by the mayor and an alderman of the city. This evidence, in the absence of any conflicting testimony or dispute upon the point, authorized the court to submit the question to the jury, whether the ditch was authorized by the city.
4. msTKTJc-. nency.’ Y. An instruction directed the jury that it was defendant’s duty to pilace guard-barriers around the excavation, so that persons could pass the street with reasonable safety. Counsel insist this instruction is erroneous because it does not “leave, the question to the jury whether lights 'would have afforded sufficient protection.” As there was no evidence to show that lights were placed at the point to give warning of the danger, the jury could not have been required to determine whether their use for the purpose indicated would have been a sufficient exercise of care.
YI. The ninth and tenth instructions ■ are claimed to be erroneous, in that the first assumes that plaintiff’s injuries were permanent, and the second that he suffered up to the day of trial. The ninth directs the j nry to allow plaintiff for permanent injuries, and the tenth for injuries suffered up to the day of trial. Another instruction very clearly directs the jury that plaintiff can only recover for injuries established by the preponderance of the testimony. The jury could not have been misled by the instructions complained of, as they considered them in connection with the one just referred to.
YII. An oral instruction, by the consent of the parties, was given to the jury, directing them that a verdict found for plaintiff in a manner pointed out would not be legal, is objected to upon the like.ground that plaintiff’s right to recover is assumed therein. As before remarked, in another instruction, the jury were directed that plaintiff was not entitled to recover except upon the preponderance of the evidence in his-favor. It was not necessary to repeat the instruction to that effect.
*357e. negliofpe^telan: Srporation. Till. The defendant requested an instruction to the effect that greater caution was demanded of plaintiff in passing upon the sidewalk after night than in the daytime. The injury was sustained at night. The court correctly instructed the jury that the law demanded of the plaintiff the exercise of ordinary care, and that in determining whether he exercised such care they were to consider all the circumstances of the case, the hour of the night, etc. The instruction refused, in one sense which it may bear, is not correct; namely, that a greater degree of care should be used at night than in the day time. The same degree of care is to be used at all times; but this rule may require greater caution or' watchfulness at night than in the day time, and to that effect was the instruction given by the court. The sense which defendant puts upon the instruction refused is the same as that of the one given. There was, therefore, no error in refusing to repeat what had before been said.
6. practice píeme court: presumption, IX. The defendant asked the court to instruct the jury that if they found plaintiff’s evidence was willfully false in any material fact, they would be justified in wholly disregarding it. The instruction was refused. The Circuit Court in refusing this instruction must have held that there was no evidence to support any such conclusion of fact. The evidence before us, while it shows that plaintiff was contradicted upon some points by other witnesses, affords no grounds for holding that the instruction was erroneously refused. Whatever effect the appearance, demeanor and manner of plaintiff, and other matters not appearing in the record, may have had in supporting or detracting from his credibility, it was, we are to presume, duly considered by the Circuit Court. With such aids in reaching a conclusion as to the honesty of plaintiff, which we do not possess, the court below ruled upon the instruction. We must presume that ruling is correct, in the absence of evidence showing it to be erroneous. The question rested for decision upon the sound discretion of the court in view of all the facts of the case disclosed upon the trial. The record fails *358to overcome the presumption, which we are required to exercise, that such discretion was rightly exercised.
■ X. It is insisted that the verdict is in conflict with the evidence. We think otherwise. The jury were justified in the exercise of an honest and intelligent judgment, upon the facts before them, to find for plaintiff; Neither is there any objection to the judgment, on the grounds of the amount of the verdict, which would authorize us to set it aside.
■ We have noticed all the points in the assignment of errors which we are permitted to consider, and discover no error in the judgment and proceedings of the court below.
Affirmed.