1.practice: oioseV'error1 udíce.utpieí" I. The first point urged in argument is that the court erred in giving the defendant the opening and close in introducing the evidence, and in the argument to the jury. If we were to concede that this an. tion of the court was erroneous we are unable to discover any prejudice to the plaintiff resulting therefrom. There must be a clear case of .prejudice, to justify a-reversal upon this ground. Goodpaster v. Voris, 8 Iowa, 335; Smith et al. v. Coopers & Clarke, 9 Id., 376; Woodward v. Laverty 14 Id., 381; Fountain, v. West, 23 Id., 14; Preston v. Walker, 26 Id., 205.
a evidence: toiu'workaid labor. II. The plaintiff endeavored to show that the consideration for the note ivas certain work and labor performed by his wife ^01' said Louisa Walton, deceased. The wife was introduced as a witness, and she was asked how much labor she had performed for the deceased in the last ten or twelve years, and what it was, and how much work she had performed for the deceased during her lifetime. These questions were objected to by defendant as incompetent, because the witness was the wife of the plaintiff, and the evidence sought to be elicited was in the nature of personal transactions between the deceased and the witness. The objection Avas sustained.
■ Wo are clearly of the opinion that this ruling of the court was correct, under section 3639 of the Code. Peck v. McKean, 45 Iowa, 18.
3. promtsso.rv istrator. III. The court gave an instruction to the jury in these words: “In this case the defendant has not denied the genuine character of the signature to the note, but has denied the execution of the note, and the presumption of law is that it is genuine, in the absence of ei'idence to the contrary. But this presumption is only prima *355faoie, and such that it may bo overcome by any evidence before yon which causes you to believe that tho signature is not genuine. And it is not true that tho defendant is estopped from controverting tho signature to the note by proof. But the burden of proof is on him to do so, by a preponderance, of the evidence before yon in tho case.”
It is claimed by counsel for appellant that this instruction was erroneous, because the signature to tho note was not in issue. It is true the answer did not in terms deny the signature. It did, however, deny the execution of the note. The execution of a writing is the act of signing, sealing and delivering, or giving it the forms required to render it a valid act. Section 2730 of the Code, which provides that tho genuineness of the signature to a written instrument shall bo deemed admitted unless denied under oath, can have no application to actions against administrators upon instruments purporting to be signed by deceased persons, because that section requires that uths person whose signature the same purports to be. shall i:' deny the gemdneness of such signature tmder oath, or it shall be held as admitted.”
As tho statute cannot be held to apply to an action of this character we think tho denial of the execution of the note, without, regard to the peculiar provisions of said section of the statute, includes a denial of the genuineness of the signature. In this view the instruction complained of is not erroneous, at least there is no error in it to the prejudice of th¿ plaintiff'.
IV. In our opinion the evidence establishes beyond question that tho consideration, if any was given for this note, was not work and labor performed by tho plaintiff’s wife for the deceased. There was no evidence to warrant tho jury in so finding. There was, therefore, no error in the court instructing the jury that plaintiff must recover for himsolf.
V. The court further instructed the jury as follows: “'There is no relationship in this case that will authorize or support 4. —7: consul- what is known in law as a good consideration on stvuctioh!11 tho ground of natural love and affection.” It is objected that it is not tho prerogative of the court to inform the jury what relationship existed between the parties. It is *356not claimed that the plaintiff or his wife were related to the deceased, either by affinity or consanguinity, and in the absence of any evidence that they were there was no error in this instruction.
5. —: proof°evideuoe. VI. It is claimed that the court erred in instructing the jury “ that a preponderance of evidence was sufficient to invalidate the signature to the note.” The argument is that the evidence must be such as to satisfy the jury beyond a reasonable doubt. This position would be correct if the defendant were suing the plaintiff for damages accruing to him by reason of some alleged crime committed by plaintiff, but that rule can have no application to a defense of this character. It is a mere denial of the execution of the note, and imputes crime to no one in particular.
' VII. There is a strong conflict in the evidence. There is really little else but conflict in it. There is scarcely a fact statement made by any witness that is not flatly contradicted by some other witness. If the plaintiff’s witnesses are to be believed the note is a valid claim ¡against the estate, and if the defendant’s witnesses tell the truth it is not only invalid, but is the result of a villainous scheme to plunder the estate. What witnesses are to be believed it is not for us to determine. The jury, in the rightful pei’formance of their duty, have settled that question, and with their verdict the parties must be ■content.
Affirmed.