I. The only question to be determined is the measure of damages which the defendant is entitled to recover. It is claimed that he should receive the highest market price up to the time of the trial.
The action of replevin, or for the recovery of specific personal property, as it is denominated in the Code, is a contest for property, and not for damages. Where an issue is made in the action, each party claims that he is entitled to the possession of the property. The property is the primary subject of the controversy. Ordinarily the plaintiff executes the bond provided for in Sec. 3229, and the property is de*634livered to him. The obligation of his bond is “ that he will appear at the next term of the court and prosecute Ms suit to judgment, and return the property if a return be awarded, and also pay all costs and damages that may be adjudged against him.”
By Sec. 3238 the jury are required to assess the value of the property, as also the damages for taking or detention thereof. We think where the plaintiff seizes the property upon his writ, and the defendant succeeds in the action, and is found to be the absolute owner of the property, and is, therefore, entitled to its return, that the value should be assessed as of the time of the trial. Such is the obligation of the -bond. The plaintiff thereby undertakes to deliver the .property to the defendant, in case a return be awarded. If he has in the meantime, by a sale of the property, or otherwise, put it out of his power to make the delivery required by the bond, he must render its equivalent as of the time when the delivery should have been made. The case is not different in principle from an ordinary sale of property to be delivered in the future. In this case the grain increased in value pending the action. It is property of that character which fluctuates in value. If it had decreased in value the measure of the defendant’s recovery would still be the value at the time of the trial, with damages for the decrease in value, because the defendant, by his bond, undertakes not only to return the property, but also to pay damages, and the jury are, by Sec. 3238, required to assess the damages for the taking or detention.
A large number of authorities have been cited by counsel for appellant upon the question whether, in an action of trover, the plaintiff is entitled to recover the value of the property at the time of the conversion, or the highest value up to the time of the trial. We have examined many cases xipon the subject. A full review of the authorities upon the question will be found in a note to the sixth edition of Sedgwick on the Measure of Damages, p. 590.
*635Upon the one hand it is held that in actions for the wrongful conversion of stocks, and of personal property of fluctuating value, the measure of the damages is the highest market price which the property may have had from the date of the conversion to the end of the trial, provided the action be brought and pressed with proper diligence. Other authorities hold that the value must be limited to the date of the actual conversion of the property. It has been held by this court that the measure of damages for the breach of an executory contract for the purchase of goods, which are paid for in advance, is the highest market price up to the time of the trial. Cannon v. Folsom, 2 Iowa, 101; Davenport v. Wells, 3 Id., 242.
But we need not pursue this inquiry, nor determine this question. "We think it is clear that, by the very terms of the bond, the plaintiff in this case was bound to account for the grain, and for damages for its detention, as of the time at which he was bound to deliver it.
II. It is urged by counsel for appellant that the court erred in deducting from the value of the grain the cost of threshing and marketing, and it is said that where a wrongdoer expends labor upon the property of another he is not entitled to compensation therefor. But in this case it does not appear that the plaintiff knew, when he commenced his action and seized the grain, that it was the defendant’s property. He may have acted in entire good faith, believing that he was the owner. "We believe the rule should be limited to willful wrong-doers. Such seems to have been the opinion of the court in Silsbury v. McCoon, 3 N. Y., 379. The cases where the question has arisen are mostly those where it has been claimed that the right of property may be lost by reason of the change of identity. See Rent’s Commentaries, Vol. 2, 363. What is said in Stuart v. Phelps, 39 Iowa, 14, upon the subject should, we think, be considered as applicable to a willful trespass.
In our opinion the expense of threshing and marketing *636the grain was properly deducted from the market price. Grain is ordinarily held for sale on the market. In the stack it is of no value as an article of commerce, and the plaintiff did no more than what the defendant would have been required to do to realize the money xxpon it.
For the error in assessing the value as of the time when the grain was seized under the writ, the judgment must be
Reversed.