1. Cities and Towns: grading of street : cost of not chargeable upon owners of abutting property. I. Tlie allegation that the city had no power to make the assessment is a legal conclusion, which cannot be regarded as admitted, unless the facts pleaded warrant such conclusion; and this must bedetermined by ascertaining whether the requisite power has been conferred on the city by statute, ag if; is not claimed that the charter confers such power.
There is some ambiguity in the ordinance, but, for the purposes of this case, it will be conceded that the ordinance provides that the charges were such as are “contemplated by sections 466, 467 and 468 of the Code, and chapter 51 of the Acts of the Fifteenth General Assembly.” (McClain’s Statutes, page 110.) The ordinance further provides that such charges “shall be determined and assessed against the respective owners of lots and lands fronting on the street, highway of alley, and collected as provided in sections 478 and 479 of the Code.”
Chapter 51 of the Acts of the Fifteenth General Assembly has reference alone to the improvement of alleys, and therefore a consideration of its provisions is not required; and this is true as to sections 478 and 479 of the Code, because the assessment in question was not made under either. The ordinance provides that the assessment shall be made under the other sections referred to therein, and the same collected as provided in the sections last named. Section 467 refers alone to the repair of permanent sidewalks, and 465 provides that the expense of grading streets shall be paid out of the general fund of the city. Therefore, the requisite power must be conferred by section 466 of the Code. It provides that cities “shall have the power to construct sidewalks, to curb, pave, gravel, macadamize and gutter any highway or alley, and to levy a special tax on the lots and parcels of land fronting on such highway or alley to pay the expense of such improvement.” It will be observed that this section does not include or provide for grading streets or alleys, and therefore does *649not conflict with section 465. But section 466 does provide for paving, and the resolution contemplates that the streets were to be graded “preparatory to paving.” Now, the question is whether work preparatory thereto is the paving contemplated by the statute. We think not. It will be assumed that the council in good faith passed the resolution, and at that time intended to pave the streets; but when or how was left to the uncertain future. Because the preparatory work was done, the council was-not conclusively bound to pave, and circumstances thereafter occurring might cause the same council to make a change in this respect. Besides this, changes in the personnel of city councils frequently occur, and thus changes in the policy to be pursued are brought about. The power conferred is to pave, and not merely to make preparation therefor. The work of preparation must, of course, be done first, and, in the discretion of the council, the street may be graded, and the latter may, no doubt, be done under one contract, and the paving under another. But the only power conferred is to assess abutting owners for paving, and this may include the preparatory grading. The whole must be assessed together, or, if this be not true, no power is conferred to assess the cost of the grading on the abutting owner, and then at some future and uncertain time make another assessment for paving. Powers of .this character, which sometimes are onerous burdens on the citizen, and are assessed against his consent, and possibly against his interest, are usually strictly construed.
Counsel for appellee cite and rely on Buell v. Ball, 20 Iowa, 282; Robinson v. The City of Burlington, 50 Id., 240, and Koons v. Lucas, 52 Id., 177. These cases are clearly distinguishable. Because the city had no power to assess the cost of grading against -an abutting owner, a suit against him would have been useless, and therefore the plaintiff should not be required to do a useless thing, or incur cost and expense without any benefit; and for this reason he *650should not be required to bring such an action before proceeding against the defendant.
2. -:-:-: liability of city for. II. There is no provision of either the .contract or statute which provides that in no event shall the city be liable to pay for the grading. -Adjudged cases, therefore, in which this fact appears, are distinguishable from this case. The only provision bearing on this question is in the contract, to the effect that the city agreed to issue to the plaintiff “certificates of assessment against the owners of abutting lots;” and it will be assumed, if the power to make the assessments existed, that the plaintiff could collect the amount due him from the owners, and that he agreed to take such certificates as payment, in so far as the defendant was concerned. It may be said that the defendant did not in terms agree to pay, but it contracted, and the work was done for a compensation fixed by the city, and to its satisfaction, under an assumed power that the expense could be assessed as a chax’ge oxx the abuttixxg owner, and, in substance, both pax'ties contemplated that payment should be xnade in a certain manner, or out of a designated fund. The plaintiff' cannot be so paid. The defendant had no claim nor demaxxd against the abutting owner, nor the power to create the fund, and yet it coxxtracted that it had. In White v. Snell, 5 Pick., 125, tlxe defendant promised to pay the plaintiff one hundred dollars, “to be paid when I recover of T. Shearman my demands agaixxst said Shearman toward the land where I now live, to be paid when recovered- of said Shearman, with interest from this date;” and it was held that, if it was established the defendaxxt had no dexnands against Shearman, the plaintiff was entitled to recover.
' Wheix the city admitted the existence of a debt, and issxxed certificates of assessment, to the end that the plaintiff could be paid oxxt of a particular fund created by the city, it must be assumed that it guaranteed, or by implication contracted, that such fund existed, or that it had taken, and had the power to take, the steps necessaiy to cx*eate sxxch fund. Now, wheix *651it turns out that there was no such fund, and that the power to create it did not exist, it seems to us that the city should not and cannot escape all liability under the contract, and it has been so held. Kearney v. City of Covington, 1 Metc., (Ky.,) 339; Sleeper v. Bullen, 6 Kan., 300; Maher v. City of Chicago, 38 Ills., 266. See also 1 Dillon Municipal Corporations, § § 480, 481, 482, (3d Ed.,) and authorities cited in notes.
There is a class of cases which hold in substance that, when the powers of a municipal corporation are defined in the charter or a statute, persons contracting with the corporation are bound to know the extent and character of such powers, and therefore deal with corporate authorities at their peril. Craycraft v. Selvage, 10 Bush, (Ky.,) 696; Zottman v. San Francisco, 20 Cal., 96; Swift v. Williamsburg, 24 Barb., 427. Conceding the correctness of these cases, we do not think they have any application to the case at bar. Eor, if the plaintiff had looked at the statute, he would have ascertained that the city had the power to grade its streets and pay therefor out of the general fund, and that it did not have the power to make an assessment on the abutting owner; -and we think he had the right to conclude that the city would and was bound, as no assessment could be lawfully made, to pay him out of the general fund. The demurrer should have been overruled.
Reversed.