This case is before us upon a rehearing. The opinion now filed is not substantially different from the former, except in regard to one instruction, which was held to be erroneous.
i. evidence: commmuoaSanaucFpatient. I. The defendant introduced as a witness Dr. J. R. Kinney, who testified that he was surgeon of the defendant, and was called to attend plaintiff; that he asked him some questions in regard to his injury; that he wanted information to enable him to judge if t;he company was responsible; that it was absolutely necessary for him to enable him to obtain a diagnosis, and that all surgeons do that. He also testified that the injury would be more severe if the cans were in motion. The defendant also introduced Dr. H. Ristine, who testified that he was a physician, and was called to assist Dr. Kinney in treating the plaintiff; that he asked the plaintiff how he got liurt, and heard him state how the accident happened, in the presence of Dr. Kinney and Dr. J. M. Ristine. The defendant then asked the witness the following question: “Now I will ask you to state what the plaintiff said, if anything, as to how the accident occurred, and how he got injured?” The plaintiff objected to the question as calling for a professional communication necessary and proper to enable the doctor to exercise his professional functions. In answer to a question by the court, the witness stated that he was called as consulting physician, and asked this question for the purpose of ascertaining the facts in order to properly treat him. The court thereupon sustained the objection. The defendant thereupon offered to show by this witness that *154the plaintiff, in response to questions asked, stated that he stepped off the car while it was in motion, and thus fell and received the injury sued for. The court excluded the evidence, and the defendant assigns the action of the court as error.
The Code, § 3643, provides: “ No practicing attorney, counselor, physician, surgeon, minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination shall be allowed, in giving testimony, to disclose any confidential communication properly intrusted to him in his professional capacity, and necessary and proper to enable him to discharge the functions of his office according to the usual course of practice or discipline.” .Dr. Bistine testified that the communication was made' by the plaintiff in response to a question asked for the purpose of ascertaining the facts, in order to properly treat him; and Dr. Kinney testified that the injury would be more severe if the cars were in motion. In view of this testimony, we think the communication comes within the protection of the statute.
2 _._. SS^of^pSysieian. II. The defendant also introduced Dr. J. M. Bistine, who testified that he was a partner of Dr. H. Bistine, and heard the statements made to him. The defendant: offend to prove by this witness the same communication sought to be proved by Dr. H. Bistine, and claimed the right to do so upon the ground that the communication was not made to this witness, but merely in his hearing. Manifestly, it would violate the spirit of the statute to permit a physician to disclose a communication made in his presence to his partner.
3. carrier gersflfegree of diligence required of. III. The defendant complains of an instruction given by the court, to the effect that it was the duty of the defendant, as a common carrier of passengers, to exercise extraordinary care and caution; but it appears to . , , . . . us that the rule of the instruction is well settled. Sales v. Western Stage Co., 4 Iowa, 547.
*1554. coktbibugenee “avoidpiaintiffiVeviaence:instruction. *154IY. The court gave an instruction in these words: “Ton *155liave been instructed that the burden is upon the plaintiff tO"prove that he was free from contributory negligence; and the court further instructs you that such requirement of law is sufficiently complied x ,^ . , , with, when the plamtin has given m the testimony in his behalf, showing his act in relation to the transaction causing the injury to him, and such testimony fails to show contributory negligence on his part; but you are further charged that if you find, from a preponderance of the whole testimony in the case — that on the part of the defendant, as well as on the part of the plaintiff — that the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence, the plaintiff cannot recover, although the testimony of the plaintiff alone may fail to show such contributory negligence on his part.” Upon the former hearing, this instruction was held to be erroneous. Upon a re-examination of the case, we have come to the conclusion that the instruction, as applied to the particular facts of the case, can be approved.
The instruction holds, in substance, that, if the plaintiff showed what his acts were, and if they did not appear to be negligent, the jury would be justified in finding that he was free from negligence. It is manifest that the rule of the instruction, as an abstract one, could not be approved. It may happen, and sometimes does, that the person injured is guilty of negligence in what he omits* to do. The inquiry of the jury should not, as a rule, be limited to the injured person’s acts, but should be as broad as the circumstances of the case. The writer of this opinion thought, upon the former hearing, that the rule enunciated in the instruction was too narrow. But the facts of the case are such that it seems certain that the plaintiff was not guilty of contributory negligence, unless it was by reason of something which he did. The writer, therefore, is of the opinion now, and such is the opinion of the entire court, that the instruction is not liable to the objection mentioned.
*1565« ■ ■1* acts sfon°and's" idenee-^ur-" den of proof, *155But it is said that' there is another objection to which it is *156liable, and that is that it does not maintain the established rule in regard to burden of proof. This view seei]aed plausible at first. It was adopted by Chief Justice Day, who wrote the former opinjorL) and was acquiesced in by a majority. But we are now agreed that it is not sound.
The part of the instruction which the defendant objects to in this respect is that which holds, in substance, that if the plaintiff showed his acts in the transactions, and they failed to show contributory negligence, the burden upon this point would be shifted. As to this we may say, as we have already said of the instruction in other respects, that the rule could not be approved as an abstract one. The character of acts, as showing negligence or otherwise, often depends upon a great number of circumstances. We can conceive of a case where the plaintiff might prove the injured person’s acts, and the jury, by reason of a want of knowledge of the circumstances, be left entirely in the dark as to whether they showed contributory negligence or freedom from it. In such case it could not be said that the rule of the instruction would be correct. But the case before us is not one of that kind. The character of the plaintiff’s acts, so far as it depended upon circumstances, was clearly shown. The only question, then, is, was it sufficient to shift the burden of proof for the plaintiff to show his acts, if they failed to show contributory negligence? We think it was. Where there is no question of negligence by reason of an omission, and no question in regard to the surrounding circumstances, and the only question is as to whether the injured person, in view of the conceded circumstances, was negligent in what he did, we are unable to see how the plaintiff could do more than prove what he did. In proving what he did, he would prove what care he exercised; and acts fully disclosed and understood must always be deemed sufficiently careful which evince no negligence.
The true rule, and one of general application, appears, to *157us to be that stated in Mayo v. Boston & M. R’y Co., 304 Mass., 140. It is stated in these words: “All the circumstances under which the injury was received being proved, if they show nothing in the conduct of the plaintiff, either of acts or neglect, to which the injury may be attributed in whole or in part, the inference of due care may be drawn from the absence of all appearance of fault.”
The instruction given by the court below was not, we think, in view of the particular' facts of the case, inconsistent with the rule above expressed, and the j udgment must be
Affirmed.