We shall proceed to dispose of the objections urged by defendant to the. judgment of the court below in the order of their discussion by counsel.
I. CRIMINAL practice: aid to clist-ricfc attorney: employment of counsel by prosecuting witness. I. An attorney who had presented the case before the justice of the peace was, upon the request and consent of the district attorney, permitted to assist in the prosecution in the district, court. This was made the ground of an exception in the court below, and the objection is renewed in this court. We have held that, with the consent of the district attorney, the district court may permit attorneys employed by private parties to assist in prosecutions. State v. Fitzgerald, 49 Iowa, 260. This decision is questioned by defendant’s counsel, for the reason that they think it is not well considered, and the decisions of other states are not referred to in the opinion. It will be observed that the decision is based upon the long existence in the state of the practice to which counsel object, —a consideration of more weight than decisions of other courts. The personal observation of some of us warrants the. statement that the practice has prevailed in this state for more than forty years, and none of us have, until recently, heard i t questioned. A practice so long and firmly established can only be abrogated by legislative enactment. Put counsel for defendant think that this case should not be regarded *485as within the rule of State v. Fitzgerald, for the reason that the assisting counsel was employed by the prosecuting witness. Under the long-prevailing practice, the prosecuting witness has always been permitted to employ an attorney to assist the officers in charge of the prosecution. Counsel for defendant think that, as the prosecuting witness may be held liable for costs, he is interested in the result of the prosecution, and therefore ought not to be permitted to employ counsel in the case. This consideration, we think, gives strong support to the justice and correctness of the practice. Surely the prosecuting witness, being liable for costs if the prosecution fails, ought to have the right to employ counsel for his own protection.
2. ckimim-at, several acts ’ in one offense: evidence. II. The assault of which defendant was charged consisted in pointing in a threatening manner at the prosecuting witness a cocked revolver. The evidence tends to prove that the prosecuting witness was forbidden , ° by defendant to travel upon a certain road through a farm owned or controlled by defendant, and was compelled by the display of the revolver to leave the premises. In accomplishing his purpose of preventing the prosecuting witness from passing over the farm, defendant pointed the revolver more than once at the witness. Counsel now claims that the evidence shows more than one offense, and was therefore erroneously admitted, so far as it tended to prove more than one act. But all the evidence, in fact, pertains to but one transaction, — two continuous acts done for the purpose of driving the witness away from the premises. The separate acts of pointing the weapon constituted but one assault. While one act alone constituted an offense, all were properly shown, to establish the animus of the defendant. This view disposes of several objections made to the admission of evidence and instructions given.
*4863. criminal iminms of w«ness.Uns *485III. Upon the cross-examination of the prosecuting witness he stated, in response to a question by defendant, that *486there had been a difficulty between them. íhis evidence was competent to show the feeling of the witness towards the defendant. But the prosecuting witness was then ashed if he had not struck the defendant, and an objection to the question was rightly sustained. If the fact had been shown, it would have been no justification for the assault, and would have led to inquiry into collateral matters not pertinent to the case.
4._. tention iií11' taking wea IY. The defendant testified that he had no intention of using the revolver to assail the prosecuting witness, unless it became necessary. He was then asked what intention he had in taking the revolver with him, 0j.qer than to defend himself. He was not permitted to answer the question. We think the court ruled rightly in rejecting the evidence. Whatever may have been defendant’s intentions in arming himself, if they did not relate to the assault, they were irrelevant. If the defendant had the weapon in his hand for a proper and innocent purpose, this would not excuse him in pointing it in a threatening manner at the prosecuting witness.
Y. An objection to evidence admitted by the district* court, raised by the assignment of errors, is not argued by counsel, who content themselves with simply stating it. It is possible that we may not be required to pass upon it, but are authorized to regard it as abandoned. But, upon consideration of the objection, if we may be required to consider it without argument, we find that it is not well taken.
5. evidence: error in ex-eluding: corappea'i -°praeface. VI. Several questions were asked a witness (Horsman) by defendant, to which answers were not permitted. The rulings are now complained of by counsel. As it does not appear what evidence was expected to be elicited, we cannot determine that the rulings were wrong. Votaw v. Diehl, 62 Iowa, 675.
*487c. criminal with revolver trespasser. *486VII. Numerous objections are made to rulings upon the instructions. Many of them are based upon incorrect criti*487cisms and interpretations of the instructions given, and need not be further noticed. The instructions announce the rule that an assault with a revolver cannot be justified on the ground that the person assaulted was a trespasser, and the purpose of the assault was to remove the trespasser from the premises. The instructions are correct. It will not be claimed that a deadly weapon can be used in resisting a mere trespasser. It follows that an attempt to use such a weapon upon a trespasser is unlawful. Instructions asked by defendant were in conflict with the doctrine we have announced, and were properly refused.
VIII. The court correctly directed the jury upon the question of defendant’s right of self-defense in case he was assaulted, or honestly believed that he was about to be assaulted, by the prosecuting witness, with a deadly weapon, which was claimed upon the trial. Other rules of the instructions given are correct. They demand no further attention.
IX. It is insisted that the verdict is not sufficiently supported by the evidence. "We think differently. The judgment cannot be disturbed o.n this ground.
Affirmed.