1. action on account stated: zevasive answre Ivideie^m!o7mT°ns I. The petition alleges that the-defendants are indebted to the plaintiffs in the sum of' two hundred and ninety-three dollars and eighty-eight cents, upon an account for • merchandise sold and delivered by the plaintiffs to the defendants between the first day of January, 1885, and the fifth day of August, 1888. A statement of account is attached to and made a part of the petition, which shows a balance due the plaintiffs on the eleventh day of June, 1888, of sixty-three dollars and forty-three cents, and numerous articles of merchandise sold on that and other later dates, to the fourth day of the-next August. The balance and prices of merchandise sold amounted to the sum for which judgment is *667demanded. The answer admits the purchase from the plaintiffs of bills of merchandise, but states that the defendants are now unable to state or set out an itemized account. There is no other denial of the sale of merchandise alleged in the petition. The answer also states that since the first day of January, 1885, the defendants have paid to the plaintiffs on the account in suit, at different times, large sums of money, the amounts and dates of payment of which the defendants are unable to state. The answer further states that the defendants had given to the plaintiffs, to be held as collateral security, notes for six hundred dollars, with a chattel mortgage to secure them on a certain stock of general merchandise; that the mortgage had been foreclosed, and the indebtedness of the defendants to the plaintiffs fully paid from the proceeds; and all indebtedness from the former to the latter is fully denied. The answer, by way of counterclaim, alleges that the attachment was sued out wrongfully and maliciously, and judgment is demanded on the attachment bond for the sum of six hundred dollars. On the trial all claim for maliciously suing out the attachment was waived. The plaintiffs in their reply admit the making of the notes, but'claim that credit for their amount was given the defendants on the day they were made, to-wit, on the eighteenth day of November, 1885. The writ of attachment was issued on the second day of November, 1888; and on the same day was levied upon the stock of merchandise of the defendants, a part of which was included in the chattel mortgage. The sheriff also had in his hands the mortgage, which he proceeded to foreclose, selling enough of the merchandise thereunder to pay the notes secured by the mortgage, which then amounted to seven hundred and forty-four dollars. The remainder of the attached goods was held until about the month of July, 1889, when it was sold for two hundred and twenty-five *668dollars. The defendants claim that the attached goods left after the mortgage sale were worth about nine hundred dollars, and that they have been damaged in a sum equal to the difference between their value as stated and the amount for which they were sold by reason of the attachment.
"When the' cause came on for trial, each party demanded the right to open and close the case. The court was unable to determine, from an inspection of the pleadings, upon whom was the burden of proof, and, therefore, asked the defendants if they claimed to have made any payment prior to June 11, 1888, for which credit was not given, and was answered in the affirmative. The court then asked the defendants if they admitted that on the date named they owed the plaintiffs a bill for sixty-three dollars and forty-three cents, and was answered in the negative. Thereupon it awarded the opening and closing of the case to the plaintiffs.
On the trial, to prove their claims, the plaintiffs introduced certain statements of account. No objections seem to have been made to the form of the proof, but the plaintiffs were interrogated closely in regard to its correctness. They also offered evidence to the effect that on a former trial an attorney for the defendants had admitted that the debit side of the account was unquestioned, but that their claims were for credits not .given. The attorney, who it was said made the admission, denied it as a witness, and the alleged admission was made somewhat prominent as an issue. But the account of the plaintiffs, so far as it related to merchandise sold and delivered, was not otherwise disputed on the trial. On the contrary, the defendant W. M. Tharp, who is the principal, if not the only real defendant, testified: “If I had thought the credit was all right, there would have been no differences in our .accounts. I thought the difference was all on the credit *669account. We did find afterwards that we had been charged with goods that we never got, — a load of salt. It does not appear in this account. I think it was taken out, and we have nothing to do with it.” That being the condition of the case, the court charged the jury as follows:
££3 1-2. At the commencement of this trial each party claimed that they were entitled to open and close the case, on the alleged ground that the burden of the proof in the first instance rested on them. The court awarded the opening and closing to the plaintiffs. I shall not now stop to inquire whether the court’s action in this regard was right or wrong. The case has been tried on that theory, and the plaintiffs have had the benefit of their claim. Hence, you are instructed that, under the circumstances, the burden of proof is on the plaintiffs to establish, by the weight of the evidence, their account; that is, the debit side of their-account. The plaintiffs claim that on a former trial counsel for the defendant, in the presence of the defendant, admitted the correctness of the plaintiffs’ account as set out. in an exhibit that.has been introduced in evidence. This is denied by the defendant. The jury will determine where the truth is as to this contention. But you should consider all the evidence in the entire case in determining whether plaintiffs have established their account for goods and merchandise alleged to have been sold defendant. On the present trial, has defendant, while on the witness stand, admitted the correctness of the debit side of plaintiffs’ account, or has he failed to deny any portion thereof?”
We think this portion of the charge should not have been given. Its natural and probable effect was to bewilder and mislead the jury as to a matter about which there was, in fact, no dispute. The debit side of the account, as stated in the petition, was not denied in the answer. The defendants may have been unable *670to state the amounts of the bills of goods they had purchased, or to set out an itemized account, and yet they may have been entirely satisfied that the statement of account made by the plaintiffs was correct. That began with an alleged balance which, so far as the pleadings show, may have been agreed upon by the parties on some settlement as correct; and in that case it would have been immaterial whether the defendants knew at the time their answer was filed what items of account were considered in reaching that balance. As to that, the answer was evasive, and not in effect a denial of the matter pleaded, nor a denial of knowledge or information of such matter sufficient to form a belief, required by Code, section 2655, subdivision 2. But, had the answer contained a sufficient denial, there was only a seeming conflict in the evidence as to the debit side of the account. Had proof of the account depended upon the alleged admission of the attorney for the defendants, the case would have been different; but that was of no importance whatever, in view of the proof of account given by the plaintiffs, and the admission by Tharp to the effect that it was correct. The fact that the court had decided at the beginning of the trial that the burden of proof was on the plaintiffs was entitled to no weight, for the reason that, if there was any doubt as to the issue presented by the pleadings, there was no room for doubt when the charge was given as to the correctness of the debit side of the account, for it had then been conceded. The paragraph of the charge in question makes prominent the admission in regard to the correctness of the account alleged to have been made on a former trial, although that had become wholly immaterial, and treats as in doubt the correctness of the debit side of the account, and the admission of the defendants in regard to it. It was the duty of the court to instruct the jury plainly that the claim of the plaintiffs in regard to the mer*671chandise sold, including the prices charged, was admitted, and not in dispute. That the jury may well have been confused and misled by the charge, to the prejudice of the plaintiffs, is shown by the condition of the record.
The defendants claim to have made three payments to a traveling agent of the plaintiffs named Riepe, for which credit has not been given. These payments amount in the aggregate to five hundred and seventy-four dollars and seventy-three cents. The plaintiffs and Riepe deny having received them, or any part of them. Aside from the testimony of Tharp, the evidence to show payment is very unsatisfactory, consisting of memoranda as follows: At the bottom of a bill for seventy-three dollars and ninety-six cents is written: “Paid one hundred and seventy-four dollars and five cents, July 25, 1885. R.” At the bottom of another bill, dated October 26, 1885, which shows a balance due the plaintiffs of two hundred dollars and sixty-eight cents, is written in pencil: “Received payment. R.” At the bottom of another bill, or statement, dated November 6, 1886, which shows an aggregate of five hundred and thirty-six dollars and fifty-seven cents due the plaintiffs, is written in pencil: “Received 200. RA Riepe not only denies that he made or signed these memoranda, but testifies that when the first one is claimed to have been made he was not at the defendants’ place of business, but in a distant part of the state; and that on the date of the last bill, and at the time the memorandum thereon is claimed to have been signed, he was not in the employ of the plaintiffs, had not been for nearly four months, and was not at the place where it was said to have been made. Evidence was introduced to show that the memoranda were not in the handwriting of Riepe, and some of the documentary evidence which was introduced for that purpose has been certified to *672this court, but we do not find it proper to determine the question thus presented. If the payments in dispute were really made, then it appears that the defendants had overpaid their account to the amount of more than three hundred dollars when this action was commenced ; credit being given for the money realized on the foreclosure of the mortgage. No such claim as that was made before this action was brought, the answer does not allege overpayment, and we do not understand that the defendants now claim that they had overpaid the plaintiffs so much, if any, when this action was-commenced. But we cannot tell what the jury found in regard to these payments. They may have found that they were not made, yet, if they also found that the plaintiffs had not proven their claim by a preponderance of the evidence, as they seemed by implication authorized to do by the charge of the court, they might for that reason have concluded that the attachment was-wrongfully sued out.
2. attachment: wrongful levy: bond: damages. II. The plaintiffs asked the court to give an instruction as follows: “9. Even if you find the writ of attachment was wrongfully sued out, you cannot allow any damages to the defendant by reason of loss or depreciation in value of goods through the neglect of the sheriff to properly care for and protect the goods taken under the writ.” The instruction was refused, and the jury were charged as follows: “11. If you should find that the writ of attachment in this case was wrongfully sued out, then the measure of defendant’s damages on his counterclaim would be the fair cash value in the market of defendant’s goods that were levied upon and sold under said writ of attachment, estimated at the time of' said levy, with six-per-cent.-per-annum interest thereon from that time to the present. But you should exclude from said estimate any goods sold under the foreclosure of the chattel mortgage, and you must also deduct-*673from the sum arrived at any amount in the hands of the sheriff that is ready to be turned over, and that is the proceeds of defendant’s goods that were sold under said writ of attachment. '* * * ”
The appellants complain of these rulings of the court, insisting that in no event are they liable on their attachment bond for any damages which were not the natural and direct result of the wrongful suing out of the writ, and that damages which were caused by the negligence of the sheriff were not the result of suing out the attachment, and are not covered by the bond. Section 2959 of the Code requires the plaintiff, in an action aided by attachment, to give a bond “conditioned that the plaintiff will pay all damages which the defendant may sustain by reason of the wrongful suing out of the attachment.” Section 2961 provides that, in an action on such bond, “the plaintiff therein may recover if he shows that the attachment was Avrongfully sued out, and that there was no reasonable cause to-believe the ground upon which the same was issued to-be true, the actual amount of damages sustained and. reasonable attorney’s fees to be fixed by the court.”
In this case there is evidence which tends to show that during the time which intervened between the levying of the attachment upon the goods in November,, 1888, and their sale eight months, later, some of the goods were damaged by mice and moisture. The question presented is whether, if such damages were caused by the negligence of the sheriff, the plaintiffs, are hable on their bond, under the provisions of the-statute quoted. Those provisions refer in - terms to damages which result from the wrongful suing out of the attachment; but it is manifest that they are also-designed to include all damages which result from the taking and detention of property under the writ. It is the object of the statute to afford the defendant full indemnity against all damages which may result from *674the wrongful issuing of the writ, including that which results from his loss of the possession, use and control of the property taken. In Campbell v. Chamberlain, 10 Iowa, 340, it was said that, in an action on an attachment bond, the plaintiff is entitled to recover, as damages, “all.losses and expenses incurred by him in making defense to the attachment proceedings, and such losses as he may have sustained by being deprived of the use of the property attached, and any injury thereto by its loss or depreciation in value.” See, also, 2 Sutherland on Damages, 59; Meshke v. Van Doren, 16 Wis. 324; Reidhar v. Berger, 8 B. Mon. 160; Frankel v. Stern, 44 Cal. 173; Fleming v. Bailey, 44 Miss. 135. In section 175 of Drake on Attachments it is said that actual damages in such cases may properly be comprehended under two heads: First. Expense and losses incurred by the party in making his defense to the attachment proceedings; second, the loss occasioned by his being deprived of the use of his property during the pendency of the attachment, or by an illegal sale of it, or by injury thereto, or loss or detention thereof.” In serving the writ, the sheriff is the agent of the attachment plaintiff, and for many purposes the acts of the officers are, in legal effect, the acts of the plaintiff. Robinson v. Keith, 25 Iowa, 321. He is given possession and control of the attached property by the act of the plaintiff, and is to a considerable extent subject' to his direction. Although he may be liable to the plaintiff for his negligence, yet we are of the opinion that, as between the plaintiff and the owner of the property, he should be treated as the agent of the former, so far as liability for his negligence is sought to be enforced. There is no good reason for requiring the owner of the property in such a case to split his cause of action, and proceed against the plaintiff for a part, and against the sheriff for the remainder. In practice, it would frequently be difficult, if not impos*675•sible, to show what portion of the damages resulted from the negligence of the sheriff, - and what from causes for which he was not in any manner responsible; and we do not think it was the intent of the law to impose that burden upon the property-owner. We conclude that the attachment bond is designed to protect him from the negligent performance of duty by the sheriff in caring for the property, as well as from •other damages which result from the wrongful suing out of the writ. The charge given by the court expressed the rule of damages applicable to cases of this kind. . '
Other questions discussed by counsel are not of a character to be likely to arise on another trial, and, therefore, need not be determined. For the error in the charge we have indicated the judgment of the district court is reversed.