Knott v. Dubuque & Sioux City Railway Co.

Gtven, J.

I. Question is made in argument as to the jurisdiction of the district court of Lyon county 1. Change of Venue: jurisdiction: waiver. over the defendant the Cherokee & Dakota Railway Company. The record before us shows that before answering that company filed its motion, supported by affidavit, for a change of the place of trial for the following reasons: That the Dubuque & Sioux City Railway Company did not own, and was not concerned in the operation of, the railroad at the time of the alleged accident, and that the “defendant, the Cherokee & Dakota Railway Company, at the time of the service of this notice,.neither owned nor operated any railroad in or through the county of Lyon, in which this suit is brought; that it had ’no interest whatever in said railroad at the time this defendant was made a party to said suit; that it had no agent or officer at any point in the state of Iowa on whom an original notice conld be legally served, except in the city of Dubuque, Iowa.” A counter-affidavit was filed, stating “that •the Dubuque & Sioux City, by written contract, agreed to and did assume the payment of, this plaintiff’s claim for damages; and both defendants are jointly liable to plaintiff on his claim in this suit.” The record fails to show that any ruling was ever made upon this motion. We have seen that in its answer the Cherokee & Dakota Railway Company denied the jurisdiction of the court for the reasons stated in the motion, but it does not appear that any action was taken upon the denial. There being no ruling upon this motion, or no exception by the mover, if it were ruled upon, the party moving must be taken to have waived his objection to the jurisdiction and to have submitted thereto. He’ will not, therefore, be heard to afterwards question the jurisdiction by answer. Code, see. 2589.

II. It appears that at the time of the alleged injuries to the appellee the defendant, the Dubuque & 2. Jurisdiction: joint liability. Sioux City Railway Company, was not operating a line of railroad ih Lyon county, but was doing so at and before the commencement of this action. As it was operating a lino of railroad in that county at the commencement of the action, it was then subject to the jurisdiction of the courts in that county. As we hold that the defendants are properly joined in this action, it follows that, having jurisdiction as to the one it has also jurisdiction as to the other.

III. Before answering, the Dubuque & Sioux City Railway Company filed its motion to require the 3. Pleading: motion: ruling: exception. plaintiff to state more specifically wherein the engine was defective, in what respect failed to supply suitable machinery, and whether the agreement set up in the petition was in writing or oral, between whom made, and whether the plaintiff was a party thereto. This motion was overruled, except so far as' to require the plaintiff to state whether the agreement was oral or in writing, “to which defendant, the Cherokee & Dakota Railway Company, excepted.” It will be observed that the party making the motion did not except to the ruling, and that the party excepting did not make the motion. These defendants afterwards answered separately, and we think the ruling must be regarded as acquiesced in by the party making the motion, inasmuch as that party did not except to the ruling. The ruling was without prejudice, as the plaintiff did amend, stating wherein the engine was defective, and that the agreement was in writing. The parties to it had been previously stated.

IY. The appellants contend that it is shown by the evidence that they were improperly joined as parties 4. Contracts: action upon promise for benefit of third person: pleading: clerical error. defendant, and for that reason the court should have sustained their motion to dismiss, lne petition charges that they , . . jointly employed plaintiff, and that they were jointly guilty of the negligence causing the injury. There is no testimony to support this charge.

It appears without conflict that the Dubuque & Sioux City Railway Company was not in any way concerned in the operation of the railroad upon which the plaintiff was employed at the time he is alleged to have been injured, and had nothing to do with his employment. After the time of the alleged accident, and before the commencement of this action, the Dubuque & Sioux City Railway Company purchased from the Cherokee & Dakota Railway Company its line of railroad by written agreement containing the following: “In consideration aforesaid, the said party of the second part further agrees to and does hereby assume all leases, contracts, debts, liabilities, obligations and duties of the said party of the first part not secured by the mortgage or deed of trust.” It is upon this agreement alone that it is sought to charge the Dubuque & Sioux City Railway Company in this case. The allegation of the petition is that it was the Sioux City & Dubuque Railway Company that so agreed. Much of the appellant’s argument is based upon the fact that it is not charged that the Dubuque & Sioux City Railway Company so agreed. There is no intimation in the record that there ever was such a railway company as the Sioux City & Dubuque. It is clearly a mere clerical error in giving the name of the defendant company. It is an error which did not in the least mislead or prejudice the defendants, as they had no room to doubt that the Dubuque & Sioux City Railway Company was meant. By the agreement the Dubuque & Sioux City Railway Company assumed, among other things, all the liabilities of the Cherokee & Dakota Railway Company. If the plaintiff was, at the making of that agreement, — October 29, 1888,— entitled to recover damages for the injuries alleged from the Cherokee & Dakota Railway Company, then that was a liability for which the Dubuque & Sioux City Railway Company became bound. McElfresh v. Kirkendall, 36 Iowa, 226.

Y. The right of the plaintiff to sue upon the agreement set out in his petition is questioned upon the 5. -: -. ground that he was not a party nor privy to the agreement. The right of a third person to sue upon a contract made in his favor has been the subject of much discussion and many diverse decisions. The general tendency of the cases is towards a recognition of the right, and in many of the states it is fully recognized. The cases are quite fully cited in an able article upon the subject in 15 American Law Review, 231; Johnson v. Collins, 14 Iowa 64, settled the question in this state in favor of the right of a third person to sue upon a contract made in his favor. In that case the petition showed that one Freyberger .gave money to the defendant, which the defendant promised and agreed with Freyberger to deliver to the plaintiff, bnt failed and refused to do so; the defendant demurred upon the ground that there was no privity of contract between the plaintiff and the defendant, and no ■consideration for the promise of the defendant. This •court said: “It seems to us that the authorities, and especially the later ones, are all one way on this question, and these authorities are unquestionably founded upon the soundest reasoning and well-settled principles ■of justice and good conscience when they recognize the right to maintain this action.” It is held that the law creates the privity, and that because the plaintiff could sue Freyberger, was no argument to defeat his action against the defendant; that ‘‘the law operates upon the acts of the parties, creates the duty, establishes the privity, and implies the promise and obligation upon which the action is founded.” It is further said: “If the consideration moves from a third person, — the stranger, even, — and if adopted by the plaintiff, it is sufficient. The stranger, though not before the agent of the plaintiff, becomes so after such disposition, so far as to make valid the consideration.” We see no ■distinction in principle between the cases, and therefore hold that the plaintiff had a right to sue upon the ■contract set out in the petition.

YI. A further contention is that the plaintiff cannot maintain a joint action against both parties. The 6. -: -: parties. cause of action is the alleged tort, the negligence for which both the defendants are liable, if the allegations of the petition be true. The one defendant is liable as the wrong-doer, and the other as having assumed that liability. In an action against •either, the plaintiff, to recover, must prove the tort; and his right to recover not only rests upon the' same ground as to either, to-wit, the tort, but must be in the same amount. Code, sec. 2547 provides: “Any person may be made a defendant who has or claims an interest in the controversy adverse to the plaintiff, or who is a necessary party to a complete determination or settlement of the questions involved in the action, except as otherwise expressly provided by law.” The-appellants are not within the exception, and, as each is. interested in the controversy adverse to the plaintiff, and are liable to the plaintiff upon the same cause of action, — the tort, — they are properly joined as defendants.

VII. It is contended that there was no evidence of negligence to sustain the verdict. There was evidence 7. Master and servant: safety of appliances: negligence: custom. that the engine moved, without any warn-mg being'given to the plaintiff, while he,. in the line of his duty, was upon the top of a pile of coarse, splippery coal xn the tender, and that because of the movement and absence of warning he fell and was injured. There was evidence from which the jury might properly have found that the movement was caused by the engineer. It is argued that it is customary to move the engine immediately, upon the cover being placed on the man-hole, without signal, leaving the fireman to get down over the coal, and that the plaintiff, knowing this custom, had no right to expect any warning. Conceding such to be the custom, yet, if the character, quantity or location of the coal was such as to make the plaintiff’s position unusually perilous, ’ or if the engine moved more suddenly than usual in such cases, the custom would not apply. These considerations were all before the jury, and there was evidence to support the conclusion that the engineer was guilty of negligence in causing the engine to move when and as he did.

VIII. The appellants complain of the refusal to give each of twenty-two instructions asked. A 8. -: -: -: instructions to jury. careful examination of these instructions shows that they were properly refused because of the conclusions already expressed in this opinion, they being expressive of the appellants’ claims npon those subjects, or as being sufficiently presented in the charge given by the court. The appellants make the following objections to instructions given:

The court instructed that it was the duty of a corporation operating a railway “to use all reasonable precaution for the safety of its employes.” The appellants contend that “reasonable care” is the rule, and that “reasonable precaution” is a broader expression. Whatever distinctions there may be, the phrases are certainly synonymous in the connection in which the words were used.

The court instructed that such a corporation must keep its machinery in such condition as would not endanger the safety of an employe. It is complained that this leaves out of the account the dangers which the employe assumes, — a qualification which is fully expressed in the paragraph that follows. It is contended that there was no evidence of defective machinery, nor of negligence in respect to the coal, and that these charges of negligence should not have been submitted to the jury. While it may be true that the preponderance of evidence was against these charges of negligence, there was such evidence concerning each as required the court to submit them to the jury.

IX. The court said: “The uncontradicted evidence shows that the plaintiff was in the employ of the 9. Tort: action: parties: instructions to jury. defendant, the Cherokee & Dakota Railway Company, as a fireman at the time of the alleged injury.” The appellants contend that he was in the joint employment of that company and the Iowa Falls & Sioux City Railway Company, and that the charge was erroneous in fact. If such was the fact, still the charge was not erroneous. If the employment was joint, as claimed, then both companies were negligent, and either liable; and, as in this action it was only sought to charge the Cherokee & Dakota Bailway Company, the instruction as applied to the case is correct.

In the fifth paragraph the court instructed the jury that if they found against the Cherokee & Dakota Bailway Company they should return a verdict against both the defendants, as the Dubuque & Sioux City Bailway Company assumed and agreed to pay all liabilities of the other defendant.' This instruction is in harmony with the views already expressed. We find no prejudicial error either in giving or refusing instructions.

The appellants urge as error the overruling of their motion to set aside the verdict and grant a new trial on the ground- that the damages allowed are excessive. While the sum is large, we cannot say that it is excessive. The extent and probable effect of the plaintiff’s injuries were the subject of contention on the trial, and were submitted to the jury under proper instructions. If the injuries are as claimed by the plaintiff, it cannot be said that the sum allowed is excessive. It was for the jury to pass upon this matter, and we find no reason in the record that will justify this court in interfering with their verdict in that respect.

The appellants discuss numerous assignments of error, based upon rulings admitting evidence over their objections. We do not discover any prejudicial error in these rulings of the court. None of the questions objected to called for or received answers that were controlling upon any of the questions in the case. The record submitted to us is necessarily lengthy, and the questions raised therein numerous. We have examined the record with special reference to the sixty-five assignments of error, and the forty-four paragraphs of argument, and the supplemental argument on the part of the appellants, and the argument and reply on behalf of the appellee, and upon the whole record reach the conclusion that the judgment of the district court should be ajtibmeb.