The defendant was called as a witness,, and testified that he was running an hotel or boarding. *60house and a liverybarn in 1878, 1879, and 1880, and a meat market since January, 1883; that he kept books •of account, and had them in court. He testified without objection that he kept his accounts while in the hotel and livery business in one book; that it was his book of oilginal entries; that the charges therein were made by him at or about the time of the transactions, and that the entries therein are correct. Defendant then offered page seventy-four of this account book, marked “Exhibit A” in evidence. Plaintiff objected as incompetent, immaterial, and irrelevant. “Beceived, subject to objection, to be determined on the argument.’’ Defendant was then asked a number of questions with a view to the introduction of the book, to ■each of which plaintiff’s objections were sustained. Defendant offered to prove that Exhibit A was his book of original entries; that the entries were in his ■own hand, and that he believed them to be just and true. Plaintiff objected to these offers as irrelevant, incompetent, and immaterial, which objections were sustained. Defendant again offered page seventy-four of said book in evidence, to which plaintiff made the •same objections, and the objections were sustained. We have no argument for appellee, and no reason is given in the record in support of these rulings. The •only ground that occurs to us for the rulings is that the evidence was held inadmissible under section 3639 •of the Code, which, as applicable to this question, is as follows: “No party to any action or proceeding '* * * shall be examined as a witness in regard to •any personal transaction or communication between such witness and a person at the commencement of such examination deceased, insane or lunatic.’’ The ■examination was as to matters which, under section 3658 of the Code, the defendant was required to show by his own oath or otherwise before his book of ■account- could be admitted in evidence. The facts *61which, he was required to show were that said hook was his hook of original entries, that the charges were-made at or near the time of the transactions therein entered, and that he believed them just and true. With. these facts shown, defendant was entitled to-introduce his hook, and if it showed “a continuous dealing with persons generally, or several items of charge at different times against the other party,” to-have it considered as evidence, “subject to all just exceptions as to their credibility.” An examination as to the facts required to be shown preliminary to the-introduction of a book of account is not an examination in regard to personal transactions or communications between the witness and the deceased, within the meaning of said section 3639. To properly understand and apply that restriction to an examination of a witness, we must have in mind the reason for the statute. By section 3636, “every human being with sufficient capacity to understand the obligation of an oath is a competent witness in all cases both civil and criminal, except as herein otherwise declared.” The exceptions are not as to the competency of witnesses, but the restrictions that are placed upon their examination in said section 3639 and in section 3642 as to communications between husband and wife. Under said section 3636 all persons are competent witnesses, regardless of their relation to or interest in the action or proceeding. Each party may meet his adversary from the witness stand as well as in his pleadings, and admit or deny that which he has said as to personal transactions or communications between them. If the transaction or communication was personal, it must be known alike to both, and, therefore, either may admit or deny. When by death, insanity, or lunacy the lips of one party are closed, section 3639 wisely closes the mouth of his adversary as to personal transactions and communications which the silent party *62might from personal knowledge deny, were lie able to speak. Personal transactions and communications, ■as contemplated in the statute, are transactions and •communications between the parties,_ of which both must have had personal knowledge. This defendant was a competent witness, and entitled to testify as to •all material facts except as to such personal transactions and communications between him and the •deceased. For him to testify that his book Exhibit A was his book of original entries, that the charges were made at or near the time of the transactions therein ■entered, and that he believed them to be just and true, would not be stating anything that the deceased, if living, could deny from personal knowledge. The •deceased might, if living, deny that he received any ■one or all of the items charged, but this would be •denying that which the book tends to show, and not ■any of the three preliminary facts which defendant was prevented from showing. Roche v. Ware, 71 Cal. 375, 12 Pac. Rep. 284; Snell v. Parsons, 59 N. H. 521. This book of account, when properly authenticated, was admissible in evidence, even against the estate of .a deceased person. The statute expressly and without qualification permits the preliminary facts to be shown by the party’s oath, and in so showing them he is not ^examined as to personal transactions between him and the deceased. We think the book should have been ■admitted on the first offer on the evidence introduced •without objection. If its sufficiency was doubted, then the defendant should have been permitted to make the •proofs which he offered to make.
Other errors are assigned, but, as we have no ■argument for appellee, and as, for the reasons stated, the judgment must be reversed, we will not here consider the other assignments of error. Reversed.