1 *6492 *647I. It is insisted that the ver dict is* not supported by the evidence. The facts, in brief, as disclosed by this record, are that the deceased and defendant were in a saloon at or near the town* of Carbonado, in Mahaska county, Iowa Both these parties, and others, 'had been invited by O’Brien, the saloon keeper, to take a drink with him, and were standing near the bar while O’Brien was preparing to furnish the drinks. O’Brien had a revolver, and, a® he passed behind the bar, he laid it upon an ice chest. Defendant picked it up, and, while, it was in 'his hands, it was discharged!, and thiei ball entered the neck of the deceased, causing a wound from which he died. Defendant claims he 'did not fire the fata! .shot. He says he does not know who did. He did not see any smoke, nor did he see any one have a revolver, though he did seei deceased when1 he fell. It appears that, when defendant wasi charged with the crime by decedent’s brother, he did mot deny it. To *648another brother of deceased he said, “For God’s sake, not to tell Ms [defendant’s] mother about it.” After the shooting, defendant tried to stop the flow of blood from the wound. Deceased told Ms brother who shot Mm. One Bolden (a colorad man) was in the saloon when the shooting took place. He testified that O’Brien laid his revolver on the ice box; that defendant picked it up, and held it toward deceased, and asked him what he would have to drink; deceased replied that he would take gin, and then the report of the revolver was heard; that defendant held the revolver in Ms hand when it went off; that deceased threw up his hands, and fell backward when shot; that that was the only shot fired at that time. The bullet was* taken •from deceased’s body, and introduced in evidence. Defendant offered evidence tending to show previous good reputation for peaceableness and guietness 'in the community in which he lived. Defendant was a witness in his own behalf, and was examined and' cross-examined a;t great length. Except as to* the fact of having taken O’Brien’s revolver, and that he had shot the deceased1, defendant’s testimony was not materially different from that of the colored man. It appears also’ from his evidence that, some time prior to* the shooting of Scott, all of the parties had been firing the revolver, and that it was out of repair. Sometimes it would go off, and at other times* it would not; that defendant and O’Brien tried to fix it. Many other facts were elicited, and from all of them it seems reasonably certain that the facts. toucMng the shooting as detailed by the colored man are correct. The location of the wound, its appearance as indicating the direction from which the hall came, the situation of defendant,' and other facts, all point to the unmistakable conclusion that defendant fired* the* fatal shot. *649The theory of the defense seems to be that the shooting was accidental. As we have said, it seems clear that defendant shot the deceased with O’Brien’s revolver. He knew the revolver was out of order. He knew it was likely to go off, and if, under such circumstances, he pointed it at deceased, and discharged it, even accidentally, and. shot deceased, from the effects of which he died, defendant’s act would! be criminal, even though foe may not have intended to discharge the weapon. It is. said deceased1 and defendant were friends. That fact, if it be a fact, is not material, in view of the verdict of manslaughter. We need not dwell upon the facts. We think the verdict was fully warranted by the evidence.
3 II. Error is assigned on the ruling of the court permitting Dr. Parry to1 give his. opinion as to the cause of Scott’s, death. Dr. Parry attended Scott the evening of the shooting, and after he was shot. He assisted in conducting the post modem examination of the body, and was properly permitted! to give his opinion as to the cause of death. State v. Porter, 34 Iowa, 131. Furthermore, there is no claim in this record that Scott came to. hisi death in any other manner or from any other cause than this pistol-shot wound.
III. It is said that the court erred in sustaining certain objeotionsi to. question® propounded to. the witness Lizzie Meyers. It seems that the state’s witness Bolden had told McCoy, one of the defendant’s counsel, in his office, in presence of Lizzie Myers; that ha .thought the shooting was accidental; and Bolden so. admitted upon the witness stand, but claimed he said he thought it was an accident, until somebody said, “The damned nigger had shot him.” Defendant sought to show by the witness Myers that nothing was said by Bolden about the “damned nigger” having shot deceased: and *650the court ruled' it out as incompetent, immaterial, and irrelevant. Now, we d'O; not see how it was material as to just when Bolden ceased to think the shooting was accidental. The witness had admitted upon the stand that he had thought the shooting accidental. There was no error in the ruling.
4 IV. The point is stated, but not argued, that there was¡ no evidence identifying the bullet that was taken from deceased’s neck, anld hence it was; error to admit it. Dr. Muir testified that he sa.w the bullet that was taken from the wound; that he took it out himself, and put it in his. pocket; that he had it in. his possession when he went before the grand jury to testify; and that he left it with the grand jnry. He identified the bullet offered in evidence as being the same one ha took from Scott’s body, and’ said its condition was the same except the identification marks-. There was no error in admitting the bullet.
5 *6516 *650V. One Seaton testified for defendant as to Ms reputation, for morality and peaceableness. On cross-examination he was asked: “You didn’t hear about his getting into, a, fight at Bose Hill, and cleaning out a boarding house, a whole house-full?” “You didn’t hear anything about him threatening to knife and' shoot a man at What Cheer?” Both questions were ans wered in the negative. Witness Cordon, who also testified as- to defendant’s good reputation for1 peaceableness., was asked in cross-examination, “He never drank anything either, did he?” and answered that he had never seen him drink. These questions were properly objected to, and the objections overruled. Counsel for defendant contend that asking such'questions is such misconduct on part of the. prosecutor as entitles, the defendant to a new trial. It may be conceded that the question© were improper, a© call*651ing for particular instances of difficulties had with other persons; Tout, in view of the fact that no improper testimony was in fact given, can the fact that improper questions were asked he said to have prejudiced the defendant? In State v. Gordonf 3 Iowa, 415, such questions were asked, but no-answers set out in the record, hut the record did show that the “state was permitted to go into particular instances of -difficulties hy the person with others/7 it was held that it sufficiently appeared that the witness “testified of and detailed matters which ought not to be inquired1 of, and ought not to he considered hy the jury in finding their verdict.77 In State v. Sterrett, 71 Iowa, 387, evidence was introduced “tending to prove that be [defendant] had previously been involved in personal difficulties!, and that on- one occasion he had threatened to shoot a person;77 and it wasi held reversible error4. In State v. McGee, 81 Iowa, 17, it was held that when, on cross-examination, such questions were improperly permitted to- he asked, it was error, hut without prejudice, as- the answers were favorable to the defendant. In the1 case at bar the improper questions were in each case answered in the negative. Nothing was elicited as a result of the questions which could possibly-work to defendant’s detriment. If the answers can he said to have had any effect at all, they were in 'defendant’s favor. We do not -think it should he held.-that merely stating such questions, withlout more, constitutes prejudicial error.
VI. Error is assigned on the -action- of the court refusing to permit the introduction of the revolver in evidence. The revolver songbt to he introduced was not identified as the revolver which defendant had at the time of the shooting. No one who was present at tlíat time was called on to identify the instrument. The rnlina: was correct.
*6527 *6538 *652VII. It is said that in his opening ■statement to the jury, and in Ms. closing argument, the county attorney was guilty of such unprofessional conduct as to require a reversal of this case. In his opening address the prosecutor, in substance, informed the jury that the state would show by the dying declaration of the deceased that defendant shot deceased; that deceased told Ms brother who had shot him. The dying declarations were excluded by the court, because the state failed to show that they were made when deceased believed he would soon die. We discover no error in these opening remarks.. The prosecutor was not bound to assume that he would not be able to establish the dying declaration®. There is nothing tending to show that in tMs respect he acted in bad faith, towards counsel or the court. If he had good reasons to believe that the dying declarations. were admissible, he cannot be charged with misconduct in stating what, in Ms judgment, they would show; nor is he guilty of misconduct in commenting upon such declarations’, from the fact that he failed to show such facts, as, in the judgment of the court, were necessary to be established in order to admit such declarations, in evidence. ■ A public prosecutor must be allowed some latitude in such, matters. ' His conduct is not to be judged only by the fact that evidence which be promises to produce may on the trial be objected to and excluded, but rather from the standpoint of what he in good faith might reasonably expect to prove. We cannot review all of the facts touching this complaint. It isi sufficient to. say that they may well have justified the prosecutor in believing that he would be able to. satisfy the court that the declarations were admissible. That he failed so to do in no way *653reflects upon' Ms motives or conduct, so long as there is nothing to .show any had faith on his part. As to the statement made by deceased to Ms brother as to who shot; Mm, no abjection was made to; it on the trial when evidence of it was in fact introduced.
9 As to> the closing argument of the prosecutor, objection is made to bis statement that the defendant said that the “damned nigger” shot Scott. It is true defendant denied saying that, and it is also true that there is no evidence as to who did use that language. Still we cannot say that it was; error for the county attorney to draw this inference from all of the facts in evidence. He' is not bonnd tc accept the defendant’s statement as true. He has a right, within reasonable limits, to. draw Ms,own .deductions' as to facts from other admitted or proven' facts. Objection is made to this- statement: “And just bear in mind, I tell you, gentlemen, there has been, many a man convicted on evidence not half soi strong; and just bear in mind that a part of this testimony in this case is buried under ground;” also; to. the statement that defendant “fixiedl the; revolver for some purpose,” and that he fixed it “so that it would be sure and go off;” and to the fact that Scott was lying in his grave, and “cannot tell his side of the'Story.” Thieseanid other like statements in the argument ore much complained of. We discover noi misconduct in referring to them-. Some of them, as appears from the record; were made in response to statements of defendant’s counsel. There was no attempted 'Statement of the facts which counsel alleged were buried in the grave with Scott. The evidence shows that, prior to the shooting, defendant and O’Brien had tried to fix the revolver; and the conclusion which the county attorney deduces therefrom that the defendant fixed it for soma purpose, so it *654■would be sure to go off, if not correct, was at least not unwarranted. Why should it be held to be misconduct for a prosecutor to' refer to the fact that Scott was dead* that he could not tell his side of the, story? That was a fact known to every one concerned in the trial, and, so long as the facts and circumstances known- to the dead 'man were not stated or commented upon, there was no error.
10 We. have read the argument in full, and, when viewed in the light of fact® established upon the trial, it is clear that in no respect was the conduct of the prosecutor such as to justify us in reversing this case. We would not. relax; the rule requiring counsel to confine their arguments to the record; but, a®' we have said, inferences of facts* from facts and 'Circumstances' actually shown* aire permissible, and unless such right is abused, or it is shown that the prosecutor 'has acted in bad faith* or has intentionally violated the rules applicable to arguments to the jury,' and that such acts have prejudiced the defendant, we should not interfere. In this case we discover no unprofessional conduct. The comments made were legitimate and within proper hounds.
.11 VIII. It is urged that none of the ingredients of murder in the second degree are to be found in this record; hence it was error for the court to' instruct with reference thereto'. In this counsel are, we think, in error. There was evidence showing that defendant deliberately pointed a loaded revolver at Scott* that it was discharged; that, as a result, Scott was killed. In the absence of evidence to the contrary, the law presumes that one intends the natural consequences of his acts'. It became a question* then, for the jury, a® to whether the defendant in fact intended to shoot Scott, or whether the shooting was accidental.
*655IX. Error is assigned as to the giving of certain instructions because the jury were not told therein that, before they could find the defendant guilty, they must be 'satisfied' of his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. It is not practicable for a trial court to state all the law governing a case in each and every instruction given. In several of the instructions the attention of the jury was called to the fact that, to convict defendant, they must, be satisfied of his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, and the jury was fully instructed as to what in law was a reasonable, doubt. Taking them altogether, they were sufficient, and correctly announce the law in this respect.
X. It is said1 .that the instruction relating to the peaceable character of defendant was erroneous. Counsel fail to 'suggest even wherein it doiee not lay down the correct rule. Reading the entire instruction, we think it is unobjectionable.
12 Lastly, it is urged that the court erred in not instructing the jury that they might find the defendant guilty of any of the grades of the crime charged below manslaughter. We do not think the record warranted such instructions. Defendant was either guilty of murder or manslaughter, or not guilty. Such being the case, it was not error to fail to instruct so as to include crimes of ¡a lower grade than manslaughter. State v. Cole, 63 Iowa, 695.
Certain rulings of the court touching the admission of testimony are complained of. We think it affirmatively appears that the defendant was not prejudiced thereby, and that, upon the entire record, there is no ground for disturbing the judgment of the district court. — Affirmed.