The plaintiff and the defendant are husband and wife, and were married to each other in August, 1873. They made their home in a small house built on a tract of about three and one-quarter acres of land, now within the city of Belle Plaine. The mother of the defendant, Sibilla Bichart,- owned the premises, and resided with the plaintiff and his family, until her death, which occurred in 1888. On the eleventh day of May, 1886, Mrs. Bichart executed to the defendant a warranty deed for the premises designated, and on the same day the defendant and the plaintiff, as parties of the second part, signed an agreement for the benefit of Mrs. Bichart, which contained the following : “Whereas, the said Sibilla Bichart * * * has this ■day sold and conveyed to Sarah Ann Burkhardt certain real ■estate in Belle Plaine, Benton county, Iowa: Now, therefore, we, the said Sarah Ann Burkhardt and Jacob Burk*371hardt, her husband, do by these presents, and for and in consideration of said conveyance, hereby promise and agree to .support, maintain, and take care of the said Sibilla Bichart -during the balance of her life; and we do hereby promise .and agree to take good and proper care of the said Sabilla -Bichart, and provide her with a good and comfortable home, to provide her with all the clothing she may need during the balance of her life, to take good and proper care of her in case of sickness, and at her death to pay all her funeral ^expenses.” The defendant continued to live with her husband until May, 1887, when she was taken to the hospital Tor the insane at Independence. She remained there-several years, and was then transferred to the county infirmary of Benton county, where she has since remained. Seven children were born to the plaintiff and defendant. The plaintiff -claims that he supported Mrs. Bichart from the time the -contract was made until her death, performing all the requirements on the part of himself and his wife, and thus furnishing all of tire consideration for the contract; that the •defendant failed to perform any of the requirements of the contract, and did not furnish any part of the consideration Tor it; and that, by reason of these facts, the .defendant holds the legal title to the premises referred to in the contract in trust for the plaintiff. The petition further states that, since the making of the contract and delivery of the deed, the-plaintiff has placed on the premises improvements “in the sum of about -two thousand three hundred dollars, and has .also paid all of the taxes on the propety since the deed was made,” and asks that the defendant be decreed to have no title or interest in the premises excepting her dower and homestead rights therein, and that the title thereto be «decreed and quieted in him.
I. The record contains a large amount of immaterial testimony, and numerous propositions of fact and of law .are discussed and authorities cited which do not appear to us to be relevant to the controlling questions in the case. *372For example, the plaintiff has submitted evidence to show that he boarded with the parents of his wife before he married her; had helped them financially; promised the father to take care of the mother after his death; and made improvements on the premises after the marriage, and before the deed to the defendant was delivered. No issue in regard to those matters is involved in this case. The .petition alleges that the consideration for the deed was to be furnished after its delivery, and the deed, and the agreement under which it was delivered, and what was done pursuant to that agreement, must control. If it be said that the history of the parties in interest before the deed was delivered tends to corroborate the claim which the plaintiff makes that Mrs. Eichart had agreed to convey the property to him,, and that it was finally made to the defendant for the reason that she insisted upon having that done, and he consented to-it because her mind was affected and for the purpose of benefiting her mental condition, it may be answered that his claim in that respect is not sustained by the evidence. What was done was the result of deliberation, and was what the-parties in interest intended to do. We are satisfied that Mi’s. Eichart proposed to vest the title to the property in the defendant for the benefit of the defendant and her children, and that Mrs. Eichart intended that the interest of the plaintiff should be what he would be entitled to as the husband of the defendant and from the occupation of the premises as a homestead. The money which the plaintiff furnished the parents, and the care he took of them, are creditable to his-humanity and manhood, but cannot Jbe given weight in determining the issues of this case.
1 *3732 *372It is said that the defendant failed to furnish any of the consideration for the deed, and that the plaintiff furnished all of it; therefore that equity demands that the plaintiff be decreed to be the owner of the property. The.evidence does not sustain "the claim of the plaintiff that all of the consideration was furnished by him. His wife, notwithstanding her mental infirmity, was an active, *373industrious woman, and capable in discharging household •duties. She continued to perform those duties from the ■delivery of the deed until within from two to four weeks •of the time when she was sent to the hospital for the insane, ■or during nearly one-half of the time her mother lived after the deed was delivered. The only way in which the defendant could have performed her part of the contract was by doing what she did, prior to the time she was sent to the hospital. It thus apuears that we have a case where, as the ■consideration for a conveyance of property to one of two persons, both agreed to support the grantor during her lifetime, to furnish her a home, clothing, and all necessaries, and to pay her funeral expenses, and where the person who received the title furnished but a part of her share of the consideration contemplated by the agreement. Do such facts ;give the person who furnished the remainder of the consideration the right to the absolute ownership of the property ? The question must be answered in the negative. The deed and contract in question do not express a trust; therefore, if one exists, it must be by implication. “Implied trusts are those that arise when trusts are not ■directly or expressly declared in terms, but the courts, from the whole transaction and the words used, imply- or infer that it was the intention of the parties to create a trust.” 1 Perry Trusts, section 112. Trusts are sometimes established for the purpose of protecting the rights of parties and defeating fraud. 10 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 2. It is said that, “in all species of resulting trusts, intention is :an essential element, although that intention is never ■expressed by any words of direct creation.” , 2 Pomeroy Equity Jurisprudence, section 1031. Somewhat different ■classifications of trusts are adopted by different authors. In 1 Perry Trusts, section 125, five classes of resulting trusts are given, and in the first of those only can this case be claimed to fall, and that is stated as follows: “When the purchaser of an estate pays the purchase money and takes *374the title in the name of a third uerson.” It is said that, when the purchaser and the grantee are strangers to each other, a trust arises from the transaction, and the grantee will be trustee for the party from whom the consideration proceeds. 1 Perry Trusts, section 126. And where the consideration is paid by one who. is under natural or moral obligation to provide for the grantee, as when the consideration is paid by a husband and the conveyance is made to his wife, the transaction is prima facie an advancement, and the burden is on him who- seeks to establish a trust to overcome the presumption which must be indulged in such a case in favor of the legal title. Cotton v. Wood, 25 Iowa, 43; Cecil v. Beaver, 28 Iowa, 241. And where a purchase is made by two persons, and one pays all of the purchase price, but conveyance is made to both, no trust results in favor of the one who made the payment. His right would be to recover one-half of the amount paid. 1 Perry Trusts, section 33. The character of a conveyance is fixed at the time it is made. “The trust must result, if at all, at the instant the deed is taken and the legal title vests in the grantee.” Jones v. Storms, 90 Iowa, 369; 1 Perry Trusts, section 133; 2 Pomeroy Equity Jurisprudence, section 1037; 10' Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 24. Another rule applicable to such-cases as this is that a resulting trust can only be established by evidence which is clear and satisfactory. Robinson in Robinson, 22 Iowa, 427. The evidence in this, case fails to-establish a trust in favor of the plaintiff. He testifies that he did not intend that by the transaction title to the property should be vested in his wife. But his testimony to that effect is not-sufficient to overcome the plain provisions of the deed,, and the testimony of other witnesses, which shows that it was executed according to the intention of the parties to it.. The defendant furnished at least a part of the- consideration for it, and, if it be true that the plaintiff may justly complain of her failure to pay more, that fact does not entitle him to the property. On his own showing, the consideration *375for the deed was to be furnished after it was delivered, and it was not affected by a trust when delivered. The evidence fails to show that a trust was intended by any party to the transaction. See Maxwell v. Maxwell, 109 Ill. 588. In the case of Institution v. Meech, 169 U. S. 398 (18 Sup. Ct. Rep. 396), relied upon by the appellant, the evidence showed that the conveyance there in controversy was made pursuant to an agreement by virtue of which the property was held in trust, and the case is not, therefore, in point.
3 II. It is contended that the defendant was insane when the deed and agreement were made, that she was not competent to contract, and for that reason the deed should be set aside. Just what benefit the setting aside of the deed would be to the defendant is not apparent, unless it be adjudged that he have the legal title. If the deed were set aside, the parties could not be restored to the conditions which existed before it was made. The grantor is dead, and the evidence fails to show an agreement that the title to the property should be vested in the plaintiff. The rights of the defendant would be prejudiced by the setting aside of the deed. The plaintiff was a party to the transaction which included the deed, and fully consented to it. He should not now be permitted to take advantage of the alleged disability of his wife, to her prejudice and his own advantage. Allen v. Berryhill, 27 Iowa, 534; Tiffany v. Tiffany, 84 Iowa, 122.
*3764 *375III. This cause was submitted in the trial court to be taken under advisement and determined as of the last day of the term, which was November 28, 1896. Afterwards, on the nineteenth day of December, 1896, but before the finding of the court was announced, the plaintiff filed an amendment to his petition, in which he alleged that' he had occupied the premises for more than five years next before the commencement of the suit, and made improvements and paid taxes thereon and insurance, and asking that, if he was found not to be the owner of the premises, an accounting be *376had or ordered. A motion to strike the amendment from the files was made by the defendant, but no ruling thereon is shown excepting in the final judgment of the court dismissing the petition and amendment. Relief on account of the amendment was not granted. We do not find that the court erred in refusing to grant relief which it asked. The case was not tried on the issue presented by the amendment, the evidence given was not sufficient to authorize the court to make an accounting, and the relief asked could not have been given without setting aside the submission and opening the case for further proceedings; hence, had the amendment been authorized if made in due time, it was properly disregarded because made too late to require consideration as a matter of right. But see Buck v. Holt. 74 Iowa, 294; Fogg v. Holcomb, 64 Iowa, 621; Walton v. Gray, 29 Iowa, 440.
IV. The defense of the defendant was made by a guardian ad litem, and the sum of one hundred and fifty dollars was allowed by the court for his services. 'No objection is made to the amount, but it is insisted that no sum should have been allowed for that purpose to be paid by the plaintiff.
5 The commencement of this action, and the mental condition of the defendant, made the appointment of a guardian ad litem necessary, and the proper compensation for his services should be paid by the plaintiff. Since no objection is made to the amount taxed, the action of the district court in taxing it should not be disturbed. The judgment rendered appears to be correct, and it is affirmed.