Naturally, the first question for our consideration is as to the effect of the written instrument through which Jennie Eaish claims to have obtained title to all of this property. We set it out in full:
1 “Whereas, my wife, Jennie Tuttle, has been equally instrumental in the accumulation of our property with myself, and from time to time assisting me with money of her own individually, therefore, in the event of my death without children, after all our just debts and my funeral expenses are paid, and one hundred and fifty dollars for a monument at my mother’s grave, I, Milo E. Tuttle, of Clinton, Iowa, do hereby make and constitute my wife, Jennie Tuttle, the sole owner in her own right (without regard to my next of kin) of all our property, whether real or personal, or wherever situated, that we may be possessed of, „and I hereby invest her with full powers and rights to receive, receipt for, sell, dispose of, and give title to as valid as if done by both of us in my lifetime. Witness my hand and seal this March 1st, 1884, at Clinton, Iowa.. Milo E. Tuttle. (L. S.) Geo. Haywood, Witness.
“State of Iowa, Clinton County — ss.: On the 1st day of March, 1884, by request of Milo E. Tuttle, I witnessed the execution of the within instrument, and he acknowledged it ,to be his free act and done for the purposes therein expressed. Witness my hand and notarial seal day and year last written. [Seal.] George Haywood, Notary Publid.”
On the tenth day of December, 1896, George Haywood, notary public, made an amended acknowledgment, or certifi*334cate of acknowledgment, of said instrument of conveyance, being in words and figures as follows, to wit:
“State of Iowa, Clinton county — ss.: To Whom This may Come: Be'it known that I, George Haywood, notary public in and for Clinton county, Iowa, certify that Milo R. Tuttle, to me well known, did on the 1st day of March, 1884, request me to make a full conveyance in writing of his wish and desire, and ordered that for and in consideration that his wife, Jennie Tuttle, by her own exertions had accumulated the most of what they possessed,. he in justice (having no children) assigned, transferred, and set over and conveyed to his wife, Jennie Tuttle, all his rights, titles, and ownership of and in and to all property, both real and personal, that they owned or should thereafter acquire, or wherever situated, she, Jennie Tuttle, to have and to hold in her own individual right without hindrance of any next kin all of which I done by his request in both his and his wife’s presence, and without her expressing a wish for him to do; and I witnessed his subscribing thereto, also took his acknowledgment as a notary public of its being his full, free and voluntary act and deed; and furthermore, he, the same identical Milo R. Tuttle, did on or about the 15th day of April, 1896 (after a lapse of twelve years), call and to see me at Clinton, Iowa, and spoke to me of his financial situation, and said that whatever they had was mostly made by his wife’s hard work, economy, and that it was justly and rightfully hers, and that he was glad that everything had been made over to her so that she held the full right to all that he possessed. Witness my hand, George Haywood, still being a notary public this December 10th, 1896, ‘Clinton, Iowa.”
*3372 *334The material matter for us to decide is whether this instrument is a deed or a will. If it is the latter, it is manifestly of no validity, for it is not executed in the form prescribed by statute. Is it a deed ? If it operated to convey a present interest, although possession and enjoyment were re*335served during life by tbe grantor, it would be effective as a conveyance. Burlington University v. Barrett, 22 Iowa, 60; Craven v. Winter, 38 Iowa, 471; Lippold v. Lippold, 112 Iowa, 134. If it passed no present interest, but was to be operative only upon the grantor’s death, then it is testamentary in character, and of no effect unless executed with all the formalities of a will. Leaver v. Gauss, 62 Iowa, 314. In Bigley v. Souvey, 45 Mich. 370 (8 N. W. Rep. 98), the instrument before the court for construction contained this provision: “The land herein named shall be and continue the property of the first party during his lifetime, and the remainder to said second party immediately at the death of said first party; but, in the event of the death of the second party before the said first party, then the estate herein shall go to said first party. * * *” It was held that title did not pass, the court saying, “The instrument given by defendant was a deed in form, but was testamentary in its nature, and passed no title whatever.” In Crocker v. Smith, 94 Ala. 295 (10 South. Rep. 258, 16 L. R. A. 576), an instrument quite similar in terms to the one before us was construed by the court. It was properly executed to be either a deed or a will. It was held to be a will, the court saying: “Though an instrument may be in form a deed of gift and designated as such, it is a will if its purpose be testamentary, and it cannot operate during life, but is only consummated by death.” But without going into detail as to the language of the cases it is enough to say that the general rule, as we have stated it, has support in the weight of authorities. Barnes v. Stephens, 107 Ga. 436 (33 S. E. Rep. 399) ; Pinkham v. Pinkham, 55 Neb. 729 (76 N. W. Rep. 411) ; Turner v. Scott, 51 Pa. 126; Hazleton v. Reed, 46 Kan. 73 (26 Pac. Rep. 450, 26 Am. St. Rep. 86) ; Conrad v. Douglas, 59 Minn. 498 (61 N. W. Rep. 673) ; Roth v. Michalis, 125 Ill. 325 (17 N. E. Rep. 809). Devlin, Deeds, section 309. The cases cited by appellants do not antagonize the general doctrine stated. In some of them extrinsic facts were re*336sorted to for interpreting, the language of the instrument, and in all of them it was found that a present interest passed. ' It. may well be that the instrument should be given some effect if consistent with well-established legal principles; but a man may intend to dispose of his property by will, and this intention be effectually frustrated by his failure to observe certain required formalities in the execution of the instrument. Some criticism is made upon Leaver v. Gauss, supra, as an. authority in the present case, because Leaver, the • grantor, brought the action to set aside his own deed. It is thought, if he had died before any question was raised as to the effect of the instrument, the conclusion reached would have been different. But we can see no reason for this belief. If the instrument Avas valid and passed an estate, either present or prospective, it was secure against attack from the moment of its execution and delivery, for it was made upon a valuable consideration. The holding of this court rested, and only could rest, on the theory clearly stated in the opin- -, ion, — that no present interest passed, and the instrument was not in form to create a transfer after the death of the grantor. It will be seen, then, that the test is, did the grantor intend to pass a present interest in the property? This intent is usually to be gathered from the terms of the instrument, and always so where the provisions are plain .and clear, but extrinsic evidence may be received to enable the court to place itself in the position of the contracting parties in order to construe doubtful or ambiguous language. Evidence Avas offered by defendants to show the intention of Tuttle when he executed the instrument; but it gives them no aid, for it consists of statements made by the grantor mostly after the execution of the paper, and all of which are most consistent with the thought that he intended the instrument as a posthumous disposition of his estate. To one neighbor he said “all he had left he intended should go to Jennie” (his wife). To another that, “if he should step out, his wife, Jennie, would haA^e his property.” Another witness tells of this *337statement made by Tuttle: “He said that he had everything fixed so that Jennie, his wife, wo.uld come into possession of all his property; that he intended her to have it all.” The wife, who testified without objection, says her husband stated to the scrivener who drew this instrument that she (the wife) had advanced him money, and he then said: “ 'If anything can be drawn to make her safe, I want it done,’ and that is the way it happened that the instrument was made. It was always Mr. Tuttle’s intention that I should have all of the property if anything should happen to him. '‘ * It was the expressed wish of Mr. Tuttle that the instrument should bo drawn to give mo this property at the time of his death.” The certificate of the notary of December 10, 1896, can be allowed no weight. It was made after Tuttle’s death, and is nothing that ivas required of him officially. It further appears that Tuttle retained possession and control of all his property down to the date of his death. Turning now to the instrument, it will be noted that the interest given was to vest in the event of his death without children, and after payment of debts, funeral expenses and for the erection of a monument to his mother. In the light of the facts stated no very careful analysis of the terms of this writing is needed to show that the intent to provide for the wife and “make her safe” was sought to be effected. through an instrument which was to go into effect only upon the decease of the grantor, and that during his life she took nothing. The district court was right in holding that defendant Jennie Raish took no interest under it.
3 II. The disposition made of the issue we have just been considering renders it necessary that we determine which of the two claimants has a widow’s right in the estate. It is established that Tuttle married Margery Mc-Dougal, the intervener, in Potsdam, N. Y., in the year 1861. It seems to have been a forced marriage. He lived with her, if at all, but a short time, and some two *338years after tlieir marriage left her and came West. Tavo or three years after he left for the West, intervener married Wardwell, her present husband, and has lived Avith him since. Tuttle married Jennie Bolmer (iioav Jennie Ttaish) in the city of Chicago, in the year 187 6, and from that time to the day of his death lived Avith her openly as his Avife. Intervener claims that she and Tuttle Avere never divorced. The public assertion of this fact must have been somewhat embarking to her, to say the least, for she has a number of children born of her last marriage. It is to be said in her favor, however, that she did not make an appearance in the case until she was sought out and persuaded to do so by some of the plaintiffs. It is shoAvn that Tuttle and intervener never met after he left her in NeAv York, and she knew nothing of his whereabouts until after his death. It is admitted there is no record of Tuttle’s divorce in any of the counties in which he is known to have lived since his marriage to intervener. In Cook county, 111., however, the records were destroyed in Chicago’s great fire, and the fact of a divorce there is sought to be negatived by the showing that the law of Illinois required that a copy of the summons, where it was served by publication, be sent by mail to the defendant, and intervener testifies that she never received any such document. But the weight of this fact is wholly destroyed by evidence showing that, immediately after Tuttle left her, intervener changed her residence, and, so far as appears, without his knowledge, to Winooski, Vt., where she still resides. There is a strong presumption in favor of the legality of every marriage. Bishop, Marriage and Divorce, section 457. To support such legality, a presumption of previous divorce will sometimes be indulged in. While the act of one party to the first marriage will not be enough to warrant a presumption of divorce (Ellis v. Ellis, 58 Iowa, 720; Gilman v. Sheets, 78 Iowa, 499 ; Barnes v. Barnes, 90 Iowa, 282; Goodwin v. Goodwin, 113 Iowa, 318); the acts of both parties, when wholly inconsistent with the continuance of marriage' *339bonds between them, will raise such a presumption (Blanchard v. Lambert, 43 Iowa, 228; Leach v. Hall, 95 Iowa, 611, and cases therein cited). In addition to the facts we have enumerated it is in evidence without objection that Tuttle, while living in Chicago, and before he married the second time, stated to a disinterested witness that he had been married and was divorced. Altogether we think the facts justify the presumption of a legal annulment of the first marriage, and this authorizes the holding that the second marriage was valid, and that Jennie Naisli is the lawful widow of decedent.
III. The decree of the trial court expressly reserved to Jennie Naish any claim she might have against the estate of her deceased husband for money loaned him.
Our conclusion on the whole case is that the decree entered is in all respects correct, and it is aebirmed.