The return filed by defendant shows that on the 14th day of November, 1899,. plaintiff and others were enjoined from selling intoxicating liquors at any place within the Eighteenth judicial district. On 'January 10, 1902, an information was filed charging plaintiff with violation of this decree, by selling intoxicating liquors at Stanwood, in Cedar county. In response to this, plaintiff filed a showing in which he claimed that from and after November, 1901, the mulct law was in force in Cedar county —particularly in the town of Stanwood, — and that all sales of liquor made by him were in accord with the provisions of that law. On behalf of the informants a decree in a case entitled “Davidson v. Smith et al.,” rendered by the district court of Cedar county on September 4, 1901, holding that the mulct law was not in force in Stanwood, was introduced in evidence. Plaintiff offered in evidence the records of the board of supervisors of Cedar county, showing a finding by that body that the statements of consent to the establishment of saloons in Cedar county, and particularly in Stanwood, were sufficient. The record further recites the following: “That on. *514February 26 and 27, 1900, there was filed in this office [county auditor’s] petitions of forfeiture and revocation of said petition, signed by sixty-six persons, said to live in the town of Stanwood, and Fremont township, and that the board of supervisors of Cedar county have never canvassed or passed upon said petition of forfeiture or revocation. Said certificate further certifies that L. S. McConkie has filed in this office on November 12, 1901, a bond, a resolution adopted by the city council of Stan-wood, consenting to the running of a mulct saloon, consent of resident freeholders owning property within fifty feet, and a list of employes in said saloon, as provided for under section 2448 of the Code of Iowa.” On this record the defendant made the following finlings and judgment: “First. That the defendant L. S. McConkie has been enjoined from selling intoxicating liquors anywhere in Cedar county, Iowa, or within the Eighteenth judicial district of Iowa, and that said injunction is in full force and effect. Second. That he has been, and is now, running a saloon in the town of Stanwood, Cedar county, Iowa, and that there is no evidence before the court that he has violated the conditions of the mulct law. The court finds, third, that the said mulct law is not now in force .in the incorporated town of Stanwood. Fourth. That it has been adjudicated in the case of S. M. Davidson v. Charles Smith, and Paul Burmeister that there has been filed with the county auditor of Cedar county, Iowa, in February, 1901, a verified petition, signed by the majority of the voters of the incorporated town of Stanwood, as shown by the list of voters at the last general election, requesting that the bar to prosecutions for the selling of intoxicating liquors in said incorporated town of Stanwood, in Cedar county, Iowa, be removed, and that by the adjudication in said action it has been determined and adjudicated that said petition did contain a majority of the voters who voted at the general election next preceding the filing of *515said list of voters with the auditor, and that the defendant L. S. McConkie is bound by said adjudication. Wherefore it is found and adjudged that the said L. S. McConkie is in contempt of court, and it is ordered and adjudged that he shall pay a fine of $800 and the costs of this proceeding, and that he be confined in the county jail at Tipton, Iowa, three months, or until said fine be paid. To all of which the defendants except. ’ ’
It is contended that defendant was without jurisdiction, and that he acted illegally and erroneously in considering the decree in the Davidson Case as an adjudication of the sufficiency of the revocation of the statement of consent to the sales of liquor in the town of Stan wood. The decree in that case was passed in an action brought by a citizen of the county to restrain Smith and Burmeister from selling liquor in the town of Stan wood; and the court trying that.case found and decreed “that some time before the commencement of this suit by the plaintiff against the defendant there was duly filed with the auditor of Cedar county, Iowa, a verified petition, signed by the majority of the voters of the incorporated town of Stanwood, in said Cedar county, Iowa, as shown by the last general election, requesting that the bar to prosecution for selling intoxicating liquors in said incorporated town of Stan-wood, Cedar county, Iowa, as provided for in sections 2448 and 2449 of the Code of Iowa, be removed, and that by reason thereof the defendants became liable for the sale of intoxicating liquors under the prohibitory laws of Iowa after the filing of said petition with the auditor of said county.” This was never appealed from, and must be treated as a verity. And if binding on plaintiff, there is no doubt of .the legality of the proceedings finding him guilty.
*516i bar to prosmOTEdoff ln whSiíIO“: bmdmg. *515Plaintiff contends that the decree is not binding on any one save the immediate parties to the suit, and that he had the right to relitigate the question there involved, or that, in any event, the court was not justified, on the *516showing made, in finding him guilty of contempt. If question before the defendant, acting as judge of the district court, had been the sufficiency of the statements of consent, instead 0£ question of revocation, we should be inclined to agree with plaintiff in his contention that he was not bound by the finding in the Davidson Case, unless that finding had been made on an appeal from the conclusion of the board of supervisors, as provided in section 2450 of the Code. But this is not the point now before us. In the Davidson Case the trial court found that a majority of the voters living in the town of Stan wood had filed a petition requesting that the bar to proceedings for the sale of intoxicating liquors in said town should cease, and that all persons should be liable to the same extent as if no statements of consent had been filed. This revocation was filed under section 2451 of the Code; and that section, in express terms, provides that when such petition is filed the bar is removed, and that all persons become liable for sales made after the filing thereof. The board of supervisors is neither permitted nor required to pass upon the sufficiency of this petition. The filing thereof ipso facto removes the bar. As neither the board of supervisors, nor any other inferior tribunal, is authorized to pass upon the sufficiency of this petition, the district court, in a proper case, may and must adjudicate the question. Ordinarily its adjudication is binding on no one but the immediate parties to the litigation or their privies. In some cases, however, the decree of a district court is binding not only on the parties, but upon all others who may be interested in a like question. Silvers v. Traverse, 82 Iowa, 52; Cannon v. Nelson, 83 Iowa, 242; Clark v. Wolf, 29 Iowa, 197; Lyman v. Faris, 53 Iowa, 498.
Davidson brought his action not to enforce any private right or to redress a private wrong, but to secure the determination of a question in which all the citizens of *517tbe town of Stanwood, as well as all the people of the county generally, were interested, to wit, was the petition of revocation sufficient to remove the bar created by the terms and provisions of the mulct law? In that question he had no more interest than any other citizen in the same situation. The action was therefore public in its nature, and for the public benefit. Cameron v. Kapinos, 89 Iowa, 561; Conley v. Zerber, 74 Iowa, 699; Dickinson v. Eichorn, 78 Iowa, 710.
Had Davidson failed in his suit, we apprehend it would not be seriously contended by any one that the county, in the absence of proof of collusion or fraud, was not bound by the adjudication. Mutuality is one of the essential elements of an estoppel; hence it follows that,.if the inhabitants of the town and county were bound by a decree holding the petition of revocation insufficient, they may also claim the benefit of a finding that it was sufficient. And so if plaintiff in this case could have relied on a finding in the Davidson Case that the petition of revocation was insufficient, — which he undoubtedly could have done, — he unquestionably should be concluded by a finding to the contrary. When it is found that Davidson’s action against Smith et al, was for the benefit of the public, and it is conceded that, whatever the finding, it was binding on all the individuals interested therein, the case is determined. Moreover, it appears that the defendant expressly found that the mulct law was not in force in the town of Stanwood. See third division of his opinion. There was evidence from which he might have come to .this conclusion, independent of the decree in the Davidson Case, as will appear from the foregoing statement with reference to the petition for revocation. This in itself is sufficient to dispose of the case.
*5182 same- formtíom proof' of’ *517It is said in argument that the decree in the Davidson Case did not determine the sufficiency of the petition for revocation, for the reason that there were other issues in that case which were determinative of it, and that the *518decree might well' have been bottomed on some of these issues- There is no room here for such a contention. That decree expressly found that the mulct law was not in force in the town of Stanwood, by reason of the filing of the petition for revocation. There is no place, then, for presumption or inference. The district court which rendered the decree is a court of general jurisdiction, and its findings are presumed to be regular until the contrary appears. There was no necessity for introducing the original notice and the pleadings in the case, for the decree shows on its face what the issues were, and what was in fact decided.
3. right to revocation.' Plaintiff further contends that he had a private right of which he could not be deprived by an action to which he was not a party. Let us see what that right was. He was 'operating a saloon in the town of Stan-wood, and, no doubt, had a bar and fixtures, liquors, etc.; but he had no absolute right to continue in the saloon business. That was a mere license or privilege given him by the statements of consent and compliance with the other provisions of the law, but these were subject to revocation at any time, and without notice to him. A liquor license or privilege has never, we think, been held to be a property right which cannot be revoked. These privileges are revocable, and may be taken away without notice or opportunity to be heard. This proposition is so plain that we shall not take the time to gather the authorities in its support. The case is materially different from Hine v. Railroad Co., 42 Iowa, 636. There the controversy was over a railway right of way, and it was held that the railway company was not concluded by a decree against the city in a suit brought by an individual with respect to the property claimed by that company.
The district court had jurisdiction, and did not act illegally in finding the plaintiff guilty of contempt. The writ is therefore dismissed.