I. The investigation and decision of this appeal have been made exceedingly difficult. The original abstract for the appellants contains 37 pages; their amended and additional abstract, 124; the abstract and denial of the appellees, 37. An attack upon this last adds 6 more pages of print. When it comes to stating the issues, appellants, in effect, do no more than to refer us to pages 3 to 29 of their abstract. Of this, page 3 to 19, inclusive, mostly set forth various pleadings which were afterwards substituted for, and appear to be out of the case. The arguments presented and the citations made afford opportunity for months of work. It is impracticable to attempt an exhaustion of this presentation. We find ourselves able to reach a conclusion satisfactory to us by a consideration of the paper issue made on parts of the amended and substituted petition, undisputed or conceded matters, the evidence, some of the authorities cited, others gathered by an independent investigation, and of the decree of the trial court.
The following matters are found either by well supported findings of the trial judge or are otherwise fully established, to wit: About the first day of March, 1892, the defendant Patrick Ratigan, Sr., by deed conveyed to his son *863Patrick the SW% NW%, the NW% NW%, and the NW% SWi/j, Section 34, Township 76, Range 42, in Pottawattamie County, Iowa. The son at once entered into possession of said lands under said deed, and continued to occupy the same and use them until his death, on November 5, 1913. The son was vested with full and complete title to said lands absolutely and in fee simple. Prior and np to December 2, 1902, he became addicted to the use of intoxicating liquors to excess, and an habitual drunkard, and the property conveyed to him by the father was, by reason of said acquired habits, in great danger of being lost and squandered by the son, who was, on account of such habits, squandering the property, or some portions thereof, and had incurred debts in what were, to one of his means, large amounts! On December 2, 1902, the father induced the son Patrick and his wife, the plaintiff! Anna, to execute and deliver to the father a deed conveying all of said lands, subject to a mortgage thereon. This was done to prevent the lands from being lost and squandered by the son. The sole purpose of the last conveyance by husband and wife, and of the father in receiving the conveyance, was to preserve and conserve the said lands and to save the same for the benefit of the son, his wife and their children. At the time this last named deed was made, the son and his wife had one child, the plaintiff Catherine Ratigan, who was then an infant. Since then, four other children, also plaintiffs, have been born to them, and the .youngest, John Ratigan, was four years old in October, 1914. This suit was brought in the year 1914. '
After the deed from son to father was. made, the father sold 40 acres of the land, to wit, the NW% NWi,4 of Section 34 aforesaid, to one Setz, with the consent and acquiescence of his said son. The father received therefor the sum of $3,600, out of which he subsequently paid debts owed by his son in about $1,000, paying same out of the proceeds *864of said sale, and he has not otherwise accounted for the proceeds. The said Anna Batigan, widow, and her said children began suit to recover possession of said lands, and in the same filed their petition on the 10th of February, 1914. Pending the suit thus instituted, the defendant Patrick Batigan, Sr., made conveyance of the land remaining to parties who appear here as interveners, and upon his conveyance, base a claim to have their title quieted.
1- purchaseDENS: rfght?Sac-ult’ quiied' These matters, being established, dispose of the following contentions made by the appellants, thus:
(a) The plaintiffs are not barred to recover in this suit on the claim of appellants that the deed from son to father, of date December 2, 1902, was made to hinder, delay or defraud creditors. That was not the purpose of said deed. The purpose for which it was made does not operate to deny to plaintiffs the relief they seek.
(b) The suit brought is not barred by the statute of limitations. The defendants and interveners deny that the plaintiffs ever had a right to sue. The plaintiffs concede that they had no such right until after the son Patrick died, which was in 1913, and they began this suit in 1914.
(a) The defendant Patrick, if indebted at all on account of the sale to Setz, owes the sum found due by the trial court, to wit, $2,600, with interest at 6 per cent thereon from and after the 5th day of November, 1913.
(d) It is contended that the conveyance pendente Hie was meritorious and justified, because the son-Patrick had received much more from the father than the other children, who were grantees in the conveyance pending suit. Let these last conveyances have been ever so well justified, the grantees therein must stand or fall by the outcome of this suit. If that puts the title of what was last conveyed in these plaintiffs, then these last grantees can take nothing, *865because their grantor had nothing to give.
2' itwcmf review: equity1;1'trial de novo. II. We now reach the controverted matter. The plaintiffs assert-that the deed made to the defendant Patrick Ratigan on December 2, 1902, was without consideration, and that it was agreed, in a separate writing contemporaneously made, that said land should be and remain the property of the grantors, Patrick and his wife, plaintiff Anna, during the life of said Patrick and his wife, and thereafter be the property of the children born to these two and living at the time of the death of their father. The defendants deny, of necessity, that there was such writing, and' urge upon us: (a) That, to establish a parol trust in real estate, either resulting or constructive, the evidence must be clear, satisfactory and conclusive; (b) parol evidence is not admissible to establish an express trust in real estate; (c) in the absence of fraud or mistake, parol evidence is not admissible to vary the consideration stated in a deed or to change its legal effect; (d) where an express trust is pleaded and relied upon, parol evidence to show a basis for a constructive trust is not admissible; (e) that a deed is without consideration is not sufficient to ingraft a trust upon it; (f) the continuance in possession of the premises conveyed by warranty deed with the consent of grantee is not admissible to establish a parol trust in such premises; (g) the denial of the alleged trust agreement is not sufficient proof of fraud to take the case out of the statute which requires declarations of trust to be in writing; (h) a party continuing in possession of real estate, after conveying same to another by warranty deed, with the consent' of the grantee in such deed, is presumed to be a tenant at will of such grantee; (i) declarations of a deceased grantor tend: ing to contradict ’the legal effect of a deed are not admissible; '(.]) mere relationship between the parties to an alleged *866trust transaction does not raise a presumption of fraud; (k) a widow is an incompetent witness to testify to communications between her and her deceased husband -made during the marriage relation; (1) in a suit wherein the grantee or assignee of a deceased grantor or assignor is a party, and the surviving wife of said grantor is also a party, said wife is incompetent as a witness to testify to any personal communication or transaction between her and her de ceased husband.
Grant, for the sake of argument, that all these are relevant, and correctly state abstract law. Grant further, for the sake of argument, that complaints made of reception of testimony would be, in the ordinary case, well made. These concessions eliminate much from our consideration, and subtract much from the support of the decree complained of. , But manifestly it does' not follow that granting what we haye deprives that decree of all support. It is self-evident that the inhibition upon establishing an express trust by parol evidence is not material if the court can find that the trust was created by a writing which is in the control of the party charged with the trust. There was a claim that such is the situation here.
The trial court may well have found that there was such written declaration of trust. To be sure, it does not declare by its expressed findings that- it so has determined. But that is immaterial. Findings in án appeal in a case triable do novo do not bind us, and their -absence does not affect Us. It suffices that, under the pleadings and the evidence, the relief awarded can rest upon a determination that there was such a writing. Appellant concedes that the testimony was in sharp conflict, and enough will be said in another connection to make clear that we should not interfere with such finding by the trial court. That is to say, we shall point out elsewhere why the testimony for the appellee is entitled to more weight than that which counters it.
*8673. Evidence : parol as affooting writ-mg: express executionartial III. Where nothing appears beyond that A made an absolute deed to B for a . . consideration recited, it is, of course, not to be doubted that the grantor may not, by parol, ingraft upon such absolute deed an agreement that the property conveyed shall be held in trust for the grantor, and devolve upon his heirs at his death. But that this is true is not more clear than that, if the alleged trust is shown to have been partly or wholly carried out, the trust may be established in parol. The sole limitation is that the proof must be clear and strong. See Johnston v. Jickling, 141 Iowa 444, at 450; Schurz v. Schurz, 153 Iowa 187, 193. So it finally becomes a question whether the proof here, measured by that rule, justifies the decree.
It is conceded that, at the time the deed was made, upon which it is now sought to ingraft a trust, the plaintiff Anna and her said husband were in possession of said lands, and living in a dwelling house thereon; they were then enjoying the use of said lands and farming the same, and continued to make use thereof as a home up to the death of the son Patrick in November, 1913; Patrick and the said Anna, from 1902 on, claimed to own the land, and possession thereof was open, notorious and adverse; it was maintained under a claim of right to own the same for use during the life of the son and his wife, and thereafter, fee was to vest in any children living at the decease of Patrick, Jr. During all the time between December, 1902, and November, 1913, the son and wife paid all taxes assessed against the land; the incumbrance upon the same when the deed of December 2d was made was continued upon the land; and-plaintiff Anna and her husband discharged interest accruing thereon from time to time. Since the death of the son, the said Anna, his wife, and his said children have occupied said lands and have used the same and enjoyed all the in*868come therefrom, paid the taxes and the interest on said mortgage, and are still in the use, occupancy and enjoyment of the said lands.
The alleged trust agreement is that, notwithstanding the absolute deed to the father, the grantee should deal with the lands as a trustee, to the end that the son might not impoverish his wife and children. How could such trust be executed? Clearly, it would defeat it to make a reconveyance to the son while he was living, since it is undisputed that the habits which it is claimed made the trust agreement necessary continued to the time of his death. Since a reconveyance was no part of the claimed trust arrangement, its performance could be' effectuated only by permitting the son and his family to use the land, to deal with it as owners in every way except to alienate or incumber it. When the father permitted such use while keeping the paper title where it was put for safety, he was executing the trust on his part. The cestuis were executing it by maintaining possession, cultivation, and the payment of taxes and interest on incumbrances. We are of opinion that, in such circumstances, most of the testimony complained of was rightly received; that the sole question is sufficiency; and that the trial court did not act without sufficient support in the evidence in declaring that the trust agreement claimed had been entered into, nor in holding that the time had come when the deed relied upon by the defendants should be allowed effectiveness no longer. In the very nature of things, we cannot go into an analysis of that evidence, and to do so beyond stating our conclusions upon it would serve no useful purpose. In the words of the appellants themselves, what was said, and done in the office of the conveyancers when deed to the father was executed is in conflict, the plaintiff Anna relating one story, and the defendant Patrick a different one; and these were the only two witnesses present.
*8694' p«ssTtrusts: missions 'of^óne t#usTSsouIhtf competency. We do, as we should, attach some weight to the fact that the trial judge saw and heard these witnesses. The defendant Ratigan time and again made declarations ^en(j strongly to show that he deemed himself a trustee, as the plaintiffs claimed. We are not holding that such admissions will of themselves establish an express trust, where they are not made by the party charged with the trust, as a witness. See Westheimer v. Peacock, 2 Iowa 528. What we do hold is that such admissions corroborate the testimony of the plaintiff Anna where, as here, the doors to ordinary parol testimony have been opened because of partial or full execution of the alleged trust. Again, the possession and occupancy which the evidence shows without dispute differ utterly from what the grantee in an absolute deed would have permitted for long years. And then the sale of part of the land and paying debts of the son from the proceeds. We think all these things taken together compel us to find that the trial court did not err in holding that the preponderance was with the plaintiffs. The citation from 1 Devlin on Deeds (3d Ed.), Sec. 167, is controlling only if part of the evidence be eliminated.
B’ press11trusS: laration6 ofaec" one cestui not binaing on others. We do not overlook that, in his lifetime, the son declared, in an application to be adjudged a bankrupt, that he had no inter- , , . , , est m any real estate. This is a most solemn act, the effect of which we have not the least desire to weaken. If the declarant were now living, and sought to assert his own interest in these lands, we should hold him concluded by his declaration. But he, of course, is making no claim, and is not a party to this suit. Death has deprived him of whatever interest he once may *870have had, as effectively as any declaration made by him in court could do. But the fact remains that his conduct in court can no more bind these plaintiffs than the declarations of one legatee or heir can bind the other. Whatever his act has done to his own rights, the plaintiff, his wife, had, under the trust arrangement, the use of the lands in question for her life, and the children had the right to the fee after the mother died. The trust arrangement was made for the purpose of preventing the son from alienating or incumbering this laud, to save it for his wife and children. He had no power to take these rights from them by executing a conveyance or making a mortgage or suffering a judgment; his doing either would not affect these plaintiffs. What he might not do directly, he cannot accomplish by indirection, and his said declaration left the rights of these plaintiffs untouched, no creditors’ rights being involved.
6. Adverse possession : nature and requisites : unprovable claim of right. IV. But if we are in error as to this, another reason appears why we may not disturb the finding below. That there was possession and full use and occupancy for more than 10 years after the making of the deed of December 2, 1902, is undisputed and indisputable. If the defendant Patrick believed there was no trust arrangement, then he knew that parties who had no interest in the land were openly dealing with it as owners, by taking its profits and discharging the burdens upon it. There is no claim that the possession was not open, or that it was unknown to defendant. It is alleged, and we think proven, that this possession was under a claim of right, based on the good-faith belief that said trust arrangement had been entered into and was subsisting. It does not matter if it were true that such an arrangement may not here be established by parol evidence. It is not essential to the claim of right which makes the basis for title by adverse possession *871that the claim shall be enforcible. See Sater v. Meadows, 68 Iowa 507, and Close v. Samm, 27 Iowa 503. In Quinn v. Quinn, 76 Iowa 565, we held that the adverse possession conld rest on a claim of right to possession by virtue of a parol agreement between plaintiff and defendant, his father, that plaintiff should have the land in controversy in consideration of services performed in carrying on the farm in pursuance of a contract to that effect. Concede, for the sake of argument, that the claimed trust arrangement could not be established by parol. Concede, if you please, that in truth no such arrangement was ever made. But if one holding possession in good faith believes there was such an arrangement, and thereunder remains in possession, openly claiming title, the required lapse of time will ripen possession on such claim into a title in the nature of a grant by acquiescence. Relief on the claim of title by adverse possession is expressly made in the pleadings of plaintiff, and we.think that, upon that issue alone, the decree below can and should be sustained. This is so if we concede the claim which appellants make for McClenahan v. Stevenson, 118 Iowa 106, 110, Luckhart v. Luckhart, 120 Iowa 248, 254, Beechley v. Beechley, 134 Iowa 75, 81, Walsh v. Doran, 145 Iowa 110, 113, 114, to wit, that to establish title by adverse possession, it must be shown that the claimant’s possession was open, hostile and notorious; that is, that the holder of the legal title had express or implied knowledge that such possession was adverse and under claim of right or color of title. If he believed that no arrangement was made beyond that which is expressed by the deed made to him, how can it be avoided that defendant Ratigan had express or implied knowledge that the plaintiffs were holding in hostility to Mm, and under some claim which they believed was strong enough to overcome the deed which they knew he had?
*872In our opinion, the decree and judgment below should be — Affirmed.
Gaynor, O. J., Ladd and Evans, JJ., concur.