1. Husband and wife : failure to support: willfulness: evidence: sufficiency. -I. The defendant, 27 years of age, is accused of deserting his wife, three years older. That she was then, January 31, 1917, in destitute condition, the jury might well have found; for she had but $3,00, a few articles of furniture in a room they had been occupying, rent of which was paid for six days in advance, and about 30 quarts of fruit and a couple of gallons of piccalilli, shown to have been unsalable, and a vacant lot. State v. Weyant, 149 Iowa 457.- True, she had $30, but could not make use of it, otherwise than for the erection of a monument at the graves of her parents, as it was left by her father for that purpose. But counsel argue that the evidence failed to show that defendant did “willfully neglect *1238or refuse to maintain or provide for his wife.” He testified that his wife told him to get another job where he could make more money, or hunt another place; and, when he protested he was doing the best he could, said, “Go;” and that he went and rented another room for himself; that, when he sent for his trunk, it had been removed to Jordan’s grocery.
“Q. You telephoned your wife that day, did you not? A. Yes, sir. Q. And you told her you were through at that time? A. Yes.”
Thereafter, he neither visited her nor paid any attention to her. This made out a prima-facie case, under Section 4775-e, Code Supplement, 1913, declaring that:
“Proof of the desertion of wife * * * in destitute or necessitous circumstances or of neglect to furnish such wife * * * necessary and proper food, clothing or shelter, shall be prima-facie evidence that such desertion or neglect was willful.”
2. Husband and wife: failure to support: desertion: justification Leaving his wife in no manner relieved him 0f pig marital obligation to maintain and provide for her. To accomplish this, she must have been guilty of such conduct as to entitle him to a divorce. State v. Stout, 139 Iowa 557; State v. Hill, 161 Iowa 279.
3. Husband and wife : failure to support : defenses. But leaving the wife is not necessarily involved in the crime of “desertion,” as defined in Section 4775-a of the Supplement to the Code, 1913; for, without departing from his home, the husband may commit the offense denounced in that section, which provides that:
“Every person who shall, without good cause, wilfully neglect or refuse to maintain or provide for his wife, she being in a destitute condition, * * * shall be deemed guilty of desertion and, upon conviction, shall be punished by imprisonment in the penitentiary for not more than one *1239year, or by imprisonment in the county jail for not more than six months.”
If her conduct has been such as to constitute a ground for divorce, this would be good cause, as might sickness such as to disable him from maintaining or providing for his wife, or inability, on reasonable effort, to obtain employment or earn wages, or other insurmountable obstacle to discharging his marital obligations. State v. Dvoracek, 140 Iowa 266.
The evidence in behalf of the State tended to show that defendant, prior to leaving his wife, earned $50 per month, though he occasionally lost a day, owing to an injured ankle.' This was in no manner met, save by his testimony that, for eight days after his departure, he did not work, for that he did not have his working clothes. It seems that these were in his trunk, and that, when the drayman called, on the day of his departure, the trunk was gone; and, upon inquiry, his wife told him it was at a named grocery; and he did not take the trouble to go there for his clothes. During the next four days, he earned $9.00. On the fifth day, the condition of his ankle prevented him from working, and on the next day, he was discharged; and, ihough he made two applications, he found no further employment during the, month. On the day he left, he gave her $3.00 of the $4.50 he then had, and, after paying the drayman, had but $1.00.
4. Husband and wife : failure to support: evidence: transactions subsequent to indictment. Evidence of his course subsequent to the indictment was admissible only as it tended to throw light on the situation of the parties at the date of or prior to the return of the indictment. , In view of the record as recited, and his assertion, over the telephone line, that he was “through with her,” we are not inclined to interfere with the court’s ruling that the prima-facie case made out under the statute was not conclusively overcome by the evidence adduced.
*12405. Husband and wife: failure to support: "cause" for desertion and nonsupport . contrasted. II. Complaint is made of the fifth instruction, which reads:
“As to what constitutes 'good cause,’ you are instructed that ‘good cause’ means a legal cause, and relates to the conduct or relations between the parties. And you are instructed that the testimony of the defendant in this case shows no legal cause for deserting his wife, if you should find that he did so desert her, or refuse to maintain or provide for her.”
The offense sought to be punished is denominated “desertion;” but this is really a misnomer, for it is defined as neglecting or refusing to maintain or provide for wife. Desertion of wife is involved only as it may or may not constitute a good cause for not maintaining or providing for the wife, and, as previously pointed out, is not sufficient excuse unless a ground for divorce. So far, the instruction is correct. But, as previously said, there may be other good causes for nonsupport. The State’s testimony disclosed that defendant had been employed at $50 per month prior to the return of the indictment, that of this he turned over to his wife, to meet their expenses, $23 or $24 out of the fortnightly payments, and that he gave her, on the day of his departure (and he was indicted the same day), $3 out of the $4.50 he then had, and that, when she demanded that he search for a job where he could earn more money, he responded that he Avas doing the best he could. The record Avas such that a jury might have found that he was “doing the best he could,” and that, if he neglected to maintain or provide for his wife, this was through no fault of his. The court was mistaken in saving that “good cause,” as found in the statute, “relates to the conduct or relation betAveen the parties.” On the contrary, it concerns the conduct of the husband only. That he “willfully neglect or refuse to maintain or provide for his wife when in destitute circumstances” will not alone warrant his conviction, nor constitute the crime of desertion. It *1241must further appear that all this was “without good cause” ou his part. Though defendant was “without good cause” for leaving his wife, whether he was without good cause in neglecting to maintain and provide for her should have been left to the jury, under appropriate instructions.
The judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded.
Preston, C. J., Evans and Salinger, JJ., concur.