1. Actions: commencement: petition without service. I. The original petition was filed on the 14th of April, 1915. On April 16, 1915, plaintiff served original notice on an alleged agent of the defendant’s. The trial court held, on demurrer, that plaintiff had brought liis action prematurely. If the filing of the petition on April 14, 1915, or the service of notice two days later, or both, began suit as early as April 16, 1915, then the suit was premature.
The defendant entered a special appearance on May 10, 1915-, and therein challenged the jurisdiction of the court, on the ground that the person who had been Served with original notice sustained no relation to the defendant which would make a service upon him a service upon the defendant. While this motion was pending, undetermined, and on the 28th of September, 1915, the plaintiff made an effective service of notice. If the service of this lást notice was the beginning of action, then the trial court erred in holding that action was prematurely brought.
It has been held that, for some purposes, action is begun when petition is filed. Hagan v. Burch, 8 Iowa 309; Sweatt v. Faville, 23 Iowa 321, at 329, approved in Smith v. Callanan, 103 Iowa 218, at 223. In the first, this was declared in determining that there was the right to have an attachment issue after petition was filed, but before original *410notice was served. In the Sweatt case, an injunction suit was held to have been begun when writ of injunction was served; and the holding was, among other things, put on the ground that there is no statute provision regulating the writ of injunction which requires an original notice to be served before the writ may be allowed. But our decisions have, made it clear that these two cases deal with exceptions, instead of the rule. It was declared, in Reed v. Chubb Bros., Barrows & Co., 9 Iowa 178, at 180, the rule in the Eagan case notwithstanding, that, “strictly,” a suit is commenced by the delivery of notice to the sheriff, or by actual service thereof by a person other than the sheriff. In Fritz v. Fritz, 98 Iowa 27, at 29, it is expressly ruled that the said earlier cases state an exception, and must be limited to the records presented therein. In Lesure Lbr. Co. v. Mutual Fire Ins. Co., 101 Iowa 514, at 518, et seq., these earlier cases are all considered, and so distinguished as that, notwithstanding them, it is the settled law that neither the filing of a petition nor the service of notice upon one whose .being served is no notice to the defendant, is the beginning of a suit for the purpose of a plea in abatement urging that suit was prematurely brought; and that there is no beginning of suit' for the purpose of such plea until binding service is made, or the defendant appears to the petition. It is further held that, if appearance be not made until a time when bringing suit would not be premature, the action is, for the purpose of the plea of abatement, begun when this appearance is made.
2. Pleading: form and allegations in general: contradictory positions: estoppel. The question, then, is whether the filing of a petition by this plaintiff, and serving a notice which was no notice to the defendant, began-action. We have seen that the Lesure case holds that neither of these acts instituted suit. For the purposes of this case, commencement of action dates from the actual service of an effective notice. Proska v. McCormick, 56 Iowa 318; Parkyn v. Trav*411is, 50 Iowa 436. We have held that, where a first notice is ineffective, and a second notice is effectively served, the last notice institutes the first action pending. Littlejohn v. Bulles, 136 Iowa 150. To the same effect is Keller v. Harrison, 139 Iowa 383. One reason why we now hold it was error to sustain the demurrer alleging prematurity is that the first binding notice was served on September 28, 1915; that, therefore, the action was then begun, and, being then begun, was not premature. A second reason for this holding is this: At one stage in our statute law, the special appearance of this defendant to object to the sufficiency of the notice served would confer jurisdiction over the person of defendant. Lesure Lbr. Co. v. Mutual Fire Ins. Co., 101 Iowa 514, 520; Moffitt v. Chicago Chronicle Co., 107 Iowa 407, 411; Locke v. Chicago Chronicle Co., 107 Iowa 390, 394; Hamilton v. Hamilton, 129 Iowa 628. But this is no longer so. Consequently, the special appearance was a deliberate declaration by the defendant that no notice whatever had been served up to May 10, 1915, when the special appearance was made — a position which was maintained until the special appearance was- withdrawn, on September 22, 1916, at which time it was too late to bring a new action. It has been held, time and again, that, where the defendant induces the bringing of action too soon or too late, there is an estoppel to urge either prematurity or bar by time. There could have been no plainer inducement to act upon the assumption that suit was not prematurely brought than a solemn declaration by the defendant in open court that no suit at all had been brought. And so long as the defendant maintained that position, it could not be heard to say that suit was prematurely brought. It maintained that position until the bringing of a new suit would not be premature, and, for that matter, until it would have been too late, had plaintiff continued to act upon the declaration of the defendant. We do not overlook that de*412fendant now urges that the first notice was effective and binding. But even if its original assertion to the contrary had caused the plaintiff no injury, it is elementary that defendant could not now recede from the position' it deliberately took first. Kearney Mill. & Elev. Co. v. Union Pac. R. Co., 97 Iowa 719, at 724; Midland Linseed Co. v. American L. F. Co., 183 Iowa 1046; Sloanaker v. Howerton, 182 Iowa 487; Touhey v. Cooney, 183 Iowa 1023; Van Winkle v. Crowell, 146 U. S. 42 (13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 18); Lehman, Durr & Co. v. Van Winkle, 92 Ala. 443 (8 So. 870); Bulkley v. Morgan, 46 Conn. 393; Bigelow on Estoppel (5th Ed.), 673; Nield v. Burton, 49 Mich. 53 (12 N. W. 906); Terry v. Munger, 121 N. Y. 161 (24 N. E. 272); Herman on Estoppel, Sections 1045, 1051; Mollring v. Mollring, 184 Iowa 464.
It must be confessed we have decisions that mere failure to object to prematurity until a time has been reached when bringing suit would not be premature does not waive prematurity. But we need not enter upon any discussion of these decisions, because here was more than mere failure to object. There was a positive declaration by the defendant that no suit had been instituted, which position was adhered to until it was too late to bring suit. We plant our decision at this point upon holding (1) that no original notice was served or appearance made until on and after September 28, 1915, and that suit was begun on September 28, 1915, and was, therefore, not premature; (2) that defendant, by taking the position that the notice served on April 16, 1915, was no notice, and maintaining that position until after a second notice had been served, is now in no position to urge that suit was brought by the serving of the notice on April 16, 1915, and that, therefore, the suit was prematurely brought. It follows it was error to sustain that part of the demurrer which asserted that the suit was prematurely brought.
*4133. Limitation of actions: computation of period: amendments pleading new action. *412II. On July 8, 1916, the plaintiff filed a substituted pe*413tition. If, as appellee contends, this petition presented a new and distinct cause of action, the trial court was right in sustaining a demurrer to this substitute on the ground that the cause of action alleged in the substitute was barred both by contract and statute limitations. The question at this point is whether the substitute did present a new cause of action. The original petition sought to excuse the failure to perform certain conditions precedent by alleging a waiver. The prayer in both petitions is the same. Both declare on the same contract and upon the same injury. The substituted petition makes no change, in effect, except that it abandons said claim of waiver and substitutes for it the general allegations sanctioned by statute, that plaintiff has performed and complied with all the terms and conditions of the policy to enable him to recover thereon. It is this change which the trial court held to work the creation of a new cause of action, or, as it is sometimes put, a new right of action.
We think in this the court erred. There is some hairsplitting in the cases on what is the subject of the action, a right of action, and a cause of action. It is possible to gather from some of the cases that, though one sues for a debt, and at no step of the litigation for anything but the same debt, an amendment which seeks a new remedy, or alleges some fact which gives the right to sue for the debt, does not relate back, and is in such sense a change of front as that the amendment may be held barred by limitations. In some cases it is loosely said that a cause of action involves every fact which is material to be proved to entitle the plaintiff to succeed, and every fact which the defendant would have a right to traverse. See 6 Cyc. 705; Jerome v. Bust, 23 S. D. 409 (122 N. W. 344); Elliott v. Chicago, M. & St. P. R. Co., 35 S. D. 57 (150 N. W. 777); Bruil v. Northwestern Mut. Relief Assn., 72 Wis. *414430 (39 N. W. 529, 530); South & North A. R. Co. v. Bees, 82 Ala. 368 (2 So. 752). We do not care to discuss the many refinements the cape law exhibits on the point, and are content to say that, in this case, the cause of action and the right to sue were the contract between the parties indemnifying the plaintiff against accident, and that he suffered injury from an accident covered by the contract. We think that neither the allegation of the original petition that notice and proof of loss and the like had been waived, nor the substituted one that all conditions precedent had been complied with, stated either the subject of the action, the right of action or the cause of action. With neither of these allegations present, the petition would have been demurrable. We have settled that an amendment which cures a petition otherwise demurrable is not barred by limitations if the amended pleading is not. Knight v. Moline, E. M. & W. R. Co., 160 Iowa 160, 169. In Bruil v. Northwestern Mut. Relief Assn., 72 Wis. 430 (39 N. W. 529, 530), the contrary position, is, in effect, taken; but we prefer our own decisions on the point. That plaintiff could never have collected his debt if not allowed to amend, is a reason for permitting amendment, and not for holding that it comes too late. Dana v. McClure, 39 Vt. 197. In that case it is further held that the statute of limitations merely gives the debtor a special method of defense to the remedy, and does not extinguish nor affect the indebtedness which makes the cause of action. It would follow that, since the amendment here sought no new remedy, there was nothing to which limitations could be addressed. In Durham v. Spence, L. R. 6 Exch. 46, “cause of action” was defined to be the act or' omission constituting the violation of duty complained of, and not the whole cause of action.
What will bar an amendment clearly demonstrates that this amendment is not barred. In Van de Haar v. Van Domseler, 56 Iowa 671, at 675, the change held to present *415a new suit was one from seduction to rape. In City of Kansas City v. Hart, 60 Kan. 684 (57 Pac. 938, Walker v. Iowa Cent. R. Co., 241 Fed. 395, La Floridienne, etc., v. Atlantic C. L. R. Co., 63 Fla. 208 (58 So. 186); the amendment held barred changed a case of common-law negligence to one of statute negligence. Amendment has been held barred for injecting a different tort or negligence. Alabama G. S. R. Co. v. Smith, 81 Ala. 229 (1 So. 723); Buntin v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co., 41 Fed. 744; Box v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co., 107 Iowa 660. In the many cases in which Box v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co. has been considered and followed, the amendment unquestionably presented a new suit. See Union Pac. R. Co. v. Sweet, 78 Kan. 243 (96 Pac. 657); Kramer v. Gille, 140 Fed. 682; Johnson v. American S. & R. Co., 80 Neb. 250 (116 N. W. 517); In re Kemper, 142 Fed. 210; Cox v. American F. & L. Mtg. Co., 88 Miss. 88 (40 So. 739); Gordon v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co., 129 Iowa 747. An absolutely new basis of action was presented by the amendments held barred in Van Patten v. Waugh, 122 Iowa 302; Johnston v. Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co., 70 Neb. 364 (97 N. W. 479); Phoenix Lbr. Co. v. Houston Water Co., 94 Tex. 456 (61 S. W. 707).
On the other hand, amendments have been held to relate back where the change was vastly more substantial than the one involved here. See Myers v. Kirt, 68 Iowa 124; Case v. Blood, 71 Iowa 632; Kuhns v. Wisconsin, I. & N. R. Co., 76 Iowa 67; Gorden v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co., 129 Iowa 747; Gatta v. Philadelphia, B. & W. R. Co., 1 Boyce (Del.) 293 (76 Atl. 56); Texas Pac. R. Co. v. Davidson, 68 Tex. 370 (4 S. W. 636) ; Cooper v. Mills County, 69 Iowa 350; Williamson v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co., 84 Iowa 583; Verdery v. Barrett, 89 Ga. 349 (15 S. E. 476); Chicago, St. L. & P. R. Co. v. Bills, 118 Ind. 221 (20 N. E. 775); Taylor v. Taylor, 110 Iowa 207; Breman M. & M. Co. v. Breman, 13 N. M. 111 (79 Pac. 806). In McKeighan v. Hopkins, 19 *416Neb. 33 (26 N. W. 614), an amendment which changed a petition in ejectment into one to redeem was upheld against the plea of limitations. In Cahill v. Illinois Cent. R. Co., 137 Iowa 577, the amendment supplied the allegation that plaintiff was free from contributory negligence, and it was held that it related back, though, in its absence, the original petition manifestly stated no cause of action.
III. Disposing of the questions presented as we have done, of course, makes it unnecessary to pass upon the contention of appellant that the court erred for sustaining the demurrer generally, and that it should have ruled upon each ground of the demurrer separately.
The order appealed from must be reversed. — Reversed and remanded.
Preston, G. J., Ladd and Evans, JJ., concur.