delivered the opinion of the court:
This suit was brought in 1849. by Williams against appellants, for trespass and false imprisonment, in forcibly seizing, binding, and transporting him, against his will, from Carter county in this state, to the state of Ohio.
Appellants first pleaded, in substance, that the plaintiff, below, had before that time committed a felony in Ohio, ami was, at the time of the alledged seizure and trespass, a fugitive from justice seeking to avoid the punishment due in his offense in Ohio; that the authorities of that state had offered a reward of $2,000 for his apprehension ; and that they, as good citizens, under an honest and reasonable belief, founded upon sufficient grounds, that he was guilty of felony in Ohio, and a fugitive from justice, had taken the plaintiff into custody, and delivered him to the officers of Ohio in that state, using no more force or delay than was necessary to effect that purpose. This plea being adjudged insufficient on demurrer, a plea of not guilty was then filed, a trial had, and a several verdict and judgment rendered lor the appellee of $333 33-J against each of the six defendants, amounting in the aggregate to $2,000.
Botts, Ratelitfe, and Jacob Kibby, three of the defendants, moved for a new trial, upon three grounds, viz: 1st. That the court erred in sustaining the demurrer to the special plea. 2nd. In rejecting important evidence offered by the defendants. And 3rd. *692jn instructing the jury improperly. Their , motion was overruled, and they have brought the case up, and rely upon the same grounds for reversal.
1. A private person may lawfully arrest a fn'the state! and convey him to an officer with out a warrant, without incurring any responsibilily, using fn the detention than is necessary. 2. A plea justifying an arrest without warrant the plaintiff had committed a felony, (2 Greenleaf, sec. 100 Wheaton’s Selyn, 2 vol. 126.) 3 To justify act arrest by a without warrant, it is necessary that the offense should have been comitted within the jurisdiction of the government where the arrest is made.*692The first point involves the important and interesting inquiry as to the extent a private person may go in apprehending, in this state, a fugitive from justice, who has fled hither from another state; and whether, without first taking such fugitive before the proper authorities of this state, and observing the requisitions of the statute applicable to such cases, such person can remove the fugitive from this state to that where the offense may have been committed.
It is not doubted that a private person, without warrant, may, for the purpose of taking him before J ’ 1 r ° the proper officers, or of delivering him into their Custody> arrest a felon. This is not only his right but his duty. But it goes no farther than the arrest . . .. , ° -it and delivery up to the proper officers. He must ma^e no unnecessary delay in delivering the offender into the custody of the law; if he does, he is guilty °f a wrong to the latter, for which he may be held answerable in damages.
And in an action for trespass and false imprisonment, where the defendant, a private person with- . , . , , , , out warrant, justifies upon the ground that he arrestec^ and detained the plaintiff as a felon, he should alledge and prove, not only that he proceeded with due and proper dispatch to take him before the proper officer, or otherwise to deal with him according to ,, „3, law, but also that he was actually guilty of a felony. (Greenleaf on Evidence, 2d vol., sec. 100; Wheaton’s Selwyn, 2d vol., 126.)
This right of private persons to arrest felons, for PurPose °P bringing them to justice, has been recognized in England and this country for time itnmemorial. It grows of the allegiance and fidelity due from the citizen to his government, and is regarded ,. , . as tending, when properly exercised, to ensure obedience to law, and conserve the public peace. But it, is only where the offense has been committed with*693in the jurisdiction of his own government that an arrest by a private person without warrant is allowable. We are aware of no principle or authority that recognizes the right of a citizen of one state, or government, to become the vindicator of the laws of another, and assume to arrest another person guilty of a violation of the laws of a foreign state, much less to remove such offender from the state where he may be found, and thus deprive him of the protection of its laws.
The right of a person to the protection of the law of the state or country where he may live is one that is recognized by all civilized nations. He cannot be deprived of such protection except in the mode prescribed by the law itself. A man may abide in this state as long as he chooses and no one, except by authority of law, has the right to remove hitn from it. It is said by Blackstone that, “no pow-on earth, except the authority of parliament can send any subject of England out of the land against his will, no, not even a criminal ” And it may as truly be said here that no power on earth, except under and in pursuance of the laws of Congress, or of this state, can rightfully drive or remove a man from its territory. The Constitution of the United States, art. IV, sec. 2nd, provides that, “a person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime.”
By an act of Congress, of 1793, to carry into effect the foregoing provision of the constitution, it is provided, “that whenever the executive authority of any state in the union or either of the territories north, west, or south, of the river Ohio shall demand any person as a fugitive from justice of the executive authority of any such state or territory to which such person shall have fled, and shall moreover produce the *694copy of the indictment found or an affidavit made before a magistrate of any state or territory ns aforesaid charging the. person, so demanded, with having committed treason, felony, or other crime, certified its authentic by the governor or chief magistrate of the state or territory from whence the person so charged fled it shall be. the duty of the executive authority of the state or territory to which such person shall have fled to cause him or her to he arrested and seemed. and notice of the arrest to he given to the executive authority making such demand, or to the agent of such authority appointed to receive t.he fugitive. and to cause the fugitive to be delivered up to such agent, &c.” {Revised Statutes. 118.)
The more effectually to carry into execution the same provision of the constitution, and, at the same time, to guard and protect the rights of her citizens the legislature of this state, in regard to the apprehension and detention of fugitives from justice from other states, enacted, in 1840, the following law:
Sec. 1. That when any person shall have committed a crime in another state, the punishment whereof, in the state where the crime was committed, is capital, confinement in the. penitentiary, or corporeal, and shall have fled to this state, it shall and may be lawful for any person apprehendingsuoh offender, to take, him before some judge of a circuit court, whose, duty it shall be to enquire into the truth of the charge or charges alledged against such prisoner; and if said judge, after hearing ihe evidence, shall be of opinion that the prisoner is guilty of the offense, or offenses, wherewith he may stand charged, he. shall make an order in writing directing the sheriff, or some constable, to commit the accused to the jail of the county in which he was arrested, there to remain until demanded by the governor of Ihe state in which the offense was committed: Provided, That persons arrested in the city of Louisville muy be taken before the city' court, and persons arrested in Lexington and Maysville may be taken be*695fore the police courts in said cities, instead of before the circuit judge, and be dealt with, in all respects, as if taken before a circuit court judge.
“Sec. 2. When the governor of the state where the offense was committed, shall demand the, fugitive from justice of the governor of Kentucky, the. governor of Kentucky shall issue his warrant to the sheriff of the county where such fugitive from justice may be confined, requiring said sheriff to deliver such fugitive, from justice to such person or persons as may be designated or appointed to receive him by the governor of the state where the crime was committed.
“Sec. 8 When the. governor of the state where the crime has been committed, shall fail, or refuse, to demand the fugitive from justice from the governor of Kentucky, and shall fail to appoint some person to receive said fugitive from justice, within sixty days from the time of confinement when the state where the offense was committed adjoins the state of Kentucky, or within ninety days from confinement when the state does not adjoin the state of Kentucky, it shall be lawful for the fugitive from justice to sue out a writ of habeas corpus, and shall be set at liberty by the judicial officers empowered to grant him the writ.”
By the 4th section it is made the duty of the prosecutor to give immediate notice of the arrest and confinement of the prisoner to the governor of the state where the crime was committed, and to deposit in the hands of the proper officers their fees before it shall be compulsory upon such officers to arrest or confine the fugitive. And by the 5th'section it is made “the duty of any justice of the peace upon application of the prosecutor, and affidavit that the offense has been committed in anothe state to issue his warrant directed to any constable or sheriff to apprehend such fugitive from justice as in other cases.” (3rd Statute Laws.)
4. To authorise the removal of one charged with the commission of a felony in another state, a copy of lie indictment found against the accused must be produced, or an affidavit of guilt made out by the prosecutor, and tiio warrant of the governor pre dicated upon the requisition of the governor of he state where the offense is alledgcd to have been committed.We have been thus particular in reciting the provisions of the foregoing act to show, that whilst the legislature of this state, in view of the provision of the federal constitution and act of Congress just recited, have made full and ample provision for their execution within the limits of Kentucky; the most commendable care has been manifested for the security and protection of persons within its jurisdiction against oppression and wrongs that might ensue from unlawful and unauthorized captures and removals against- their will from this state upon unfounded accusations of felonies or acts made felonies in adjoining states.
It will be seen from the foregoing laws that in no case can a fugitive from justice, from another state, be arrested in this, except upon the production of the indictment found against him in the state from which he may have fled, or upon affidavit made by the prosecutor that he has been thus guilty, and that after the arrest has been made, and a hearing had, before a judicial officer, it requires the intervention of the warrantor the governor of this state, predicated upon the formal requisition of the governor of the state where the offense may have been committed, to authorize the delivery and removal of a person from this commonwealth to another state as a fugitive from justice.
The plea tendered is wanting in several important respects as a justification, if the offense had been committed in Kentucky and the plaintiff not taken out of the state. But it wholly fails to show such facts as would warrant the apprehension and transportation of the plaintiff beyond the limits of the state as a fugitive from justice.
None of the prerequisites of the law authorizing such arrests are alledged to have been observed, when in order to justify such capture or transportation the plea should show a strict observance of all, and the defendant be required to prove it. The plea *697was insufficient and the demurrer to it rightfully sustained.
5. The admissions of a plaintiff that he had been guilty of a felony in another state, are competent evidence in a suit by him against individuals for damages for arresting him and conveying him to that state for trial — in mitigation of damages even under the plea of not guilty. 6. It is error for the court in giving instructions to a jury to characterize the conduct of the parties by terms calculated to influence the jury in their assessment of damages, or to disparage testimony which has been permitted to go to the jury.With regard to the second ground, we are of opinion that it is tenable.
Although the declarations of Williams that he had committed a felony, in Ohio, did not justify his apprehension and transportation to that state, such declarations accompanied, as they were, with the statement that a reward had been offered for his apprehension, were admissible in mitigation of damages, as conducing to show that the defendants, in making the arrest were prompted by honest motives and no ill will to the plaintiff. And we think the court erred in excluding evidence of such declarations of the plaintiff from the jury.
The third and last ground is also deemed tenable.
The first instruction given at the instance of the plaintiff is objectionable, because it assumes to measure the character and extent of the trespass complained of, and thus far invades the province of the jury. The jury had to determine whether trespass was one of “enormity and magnitude,” and assess damages accordingly. The court, however, by the instruction virtually informs them that such was its character.
The second instruction is likewise objectionable. It was obviously intended to caution the jury as to the consideration they should give to proof of confessions made by a party in the. presence only of the witness who details them, when uncorroborated by other evidence. Its language however might tend to disparage the admissions or statements of the party satisfactorily proved, and is fairly susceptible of such construction.
A statement or admission of a party once proved is not only competent but convincing testimony against such party. But proof of such statement by a single witness, uncorroborated by other facts or evidence in the case should be received with caution. The caution should be applied, however, to the *698proof of the statement, and not the statement when proved.
For the errors indicated, the judgment, as to appellants, is reversed and cause remanded for a new trial as to them, and other proceedings consistent with this opinion.