NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 07-3400
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
PETER CHUN NAM YEUNG,
Appellant
No. 07-3478
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
WAI LEUNG CHU,
Appellant
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of New Jersey
District Court Nos. 06-cr-00656-1 & 06-cr-00656-2
District Judge: The Honorable Jerome B. Simandle
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
March 12, 2010
Before: AMBRO, SMITH, and ALDISERT, Circuit Judges
(Filed: March 29, 2010)
OPINION
SMITH, Circuit Judge.
These appeals arising from a single criminal trial were consolidated so that
the Government could file a single Response Brief. Because the facts and issues
raised are similar, we will consider these appeals together.
I.
This case arose out of a multi-year investigation by law enforcement agents
into an elaborate scheme to import cigarettes bearing counterfeit trademarks into
the United States without paying the required duties and to distribute them
throughout the United States and Canada.1 Peter Chun Nam Yeung (“Yeung”),
Wai Leung Chu (“Chu”), and others were charged in Count 1 of the indictment
with conspiring to smuggle the cigarettes into the United States, to traffic in goods
bearing counterfeit trademarks, and to traffic in contraband cigarettes in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 371. Yeung was also charged in Counts 2 through 5 with
substantive counts of trafficking in goods bearing counterfeit trademarks in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2320(a) and 18 U.S.C. § 2. Chu was additionally charged
1
Because we write only for the parties, we will not set forth the facts at length.
2
only in Count 3.
Evidence at trial established that Yeung met with coconspirators and
undercover agents on numerous occasions to arrange for shipments of the
cigarettes. On one occasion, Co Kanh Tang (“Tang”), the leader of the
conspiracy, sent Yeung to Canada as his designee to arrange for a shipment of
cigarettes. Yeung represented himself as Tang’s partner at this meeting. The jury
also heard Yeung’s post-arrest statement, recounted by Agent Egbert, wherein
Yeung acknowledged that he was paid by a coconspirator for his part in the
scheme, and that Yeung knew he was working with cigarettes bearing counterfeit
marks. Moreover, the jury saw videos of Yeung’s participation in various
meetings in furtherance of the conspiracy and of him loading and unloading the
cigarettes.
Chu was implicated in the conspiracy when he called Chicherin Lee to help
him dispose of some of the cigarettes. A load of about 107 cases of cigarettes2
was stored in a warehouse, and Tang ordered Chu to get rid of them. Chu found a
buyer and asked Lee to rent a truck and move the cigarettes from the warehouse,
which he did. Lee became a Government witness at trial.
After the close of the Government’s case-in-chief, Yeung moved for a
2
A case contains 50 cartons of cigarettes, which have 10 packs of 20 cigarettes
each.
3
judgment of acquittal under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29. That motion
was denied. The jury returned a verdict of guilty as to Counts 1, 3, and 5 for
Yeung, not guilty on Counts 2 and 4, and guilty for Chu on Counts 1 and 3. At
their separate sentencing hearings, the District Court imposed on each a two-level
role enhancement based on its finding that Yeung and Chu were both managers or
supervisors of the scheme under § 3B1.1(c) of the Sentencing Guidelines. Yeung
and Chu appeal.3
II.
A.
Yeung first challenges the District Court’s denial of his motion for acquittal,
made after the close of the Government’s case-in-chief. We review claims
challenging the sufficiency of the evidence “to determine whether, after viewing
the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of
fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt.” United States v. King, 272 F.3d 366, 370 (3d Cir. 2001) (quotation
omitted). Our review is plenary. United States v. Bornman, 559 F.3d 150, 152 (3d
Cir. 2009) (citation omitted). After reviewing the evidence from the trial, we
conclude that a reasonable jury could have convicted Yeung of these charges.
3
The District Court had jurisdiction over this case under 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We
have jurisdiction to review the conviction and sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18
U.S.C. § 3742(a).
4
Therefore, we will affirm the District Court’s denial of Yeung’s motion for
acquittal.
Yeung also challenges the District Court’s imposition of a two-level
enhancement for being a manager or supervisor under § 3B1.1(c). Factual
findings relevant to the sentencing guidelines are reviewed for clear error. United
States v. Grier, 475 F.3d 556, 570 (3d Cir. 2007) (en banc). We will not disturb
them unless we are “left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has
been committed.” Id. (quoting Concrete Pipe & Prods. of Cal., Inc. v. Constr.
Laborers Pension Trust for S. Cal., 508 U.S. 602, 622 (1993)). We exercise
plenary review over the District Court’s interpretation of the guidelines. Id.
A two-level aggravating role enhancement is warranted if the District Court
finds by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant was “an organizer,
leader, manager, or supervisor in any criminal activity” that did not involve five or
more participants and was not otherwise extensive. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(c). The
District Court’s finding that Yeung was a manager or supervisor was not clearly
erroneous. While Yeung was not coequal with Tang in his role in the offenses, the
District Court’s finding that Yeung acted as Tang’s partner for the Canada meeting
was sound. Further, we find no error in the District Court’s rejection of Yeung’s
argument that he was a mere “gofer” in coordinating the shipments and causing
the loading and unloading of the cigarettes.
5
Finally, Yeung argues that the District Court failed to adequately consider
the factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) in fashioning the sentence. We review “a
sentence for reasonableness with regard to the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. §
3553(a).” United States v. Bungar, 478 F.3d 540, 542 (3d Cir. 2007) (citation
omitted). This amounts to abuse-of-discretion review. Gall v. United States, 552
U.S. 38, 51 (2007). We find no abuse of discretion in the sentence imposed and
will affirm.
B.
Chu challenges the two-level enhancement imposed on him under
§ 3B1.1(c) of the guidelines as a manager or supervisor. Chu was held responsible
based on the disposal only of the 107 cases of cigarettes. To accomplish this task,
Chu recruited Lee to move the cigarettes, found a buyer for them, and directed Lee
to the buyer. Chu was no mere message-taker. We see no error in the two-level
role enhancement. For the same reason, we see no error in the District Court’s
denial of a downward adjustment for a mitigating role under § 3B1.2 of the
guidelines.
III.
We will affirm the judgments of the District Court against Yeung and Chu.
6