delivered the opinion op the court.
Andrew Tate and Hugh Tate, two bachelor brothers, and both living to an advanced age, executed a joint will that was admitted to probate in the county of Henderson, where they resided at the time of their death. They owned, jointly, a large landed and personal estate valued at many thousand dollars. Hugh Tate died in the year 1872, and the joint will was probated during that year as his last will; and Andrew Tate died in the year 1875, and, shortly after, the joint instrument was also probated *79as his last will. They had a nephew, Gabriel Tate, and two nieces, Mary Harding and Nancy Herr, to whom and their children they devised their large estate. After the death of Andrew Tate, the appellee, J. H. Harding, was appointed and qualified as administrator, with the will annexed of both testators, and undertook the execution of the will, giving bond with his co-appellee, James M. Herr, as one of the sureties.
Birdie Hill and her husband — Mrs. Hill being the daughter of the devisee, Gabriel Tate — instituted this action in the court below, on the- administrator’s bond of the appellee (Harding), alleging in the petition that Government bonds, deposits in bank, notes, etc., of the value of eighty-six thousand dollars, belonging to the testators, had been paid over to her father and the two other devisees, and that the amount paid over to her father had been wasted by him and forever lost to her, basing her claim on the ground that her father had only a life interest in this personalty, with remainder to his children, and this is one of the principal questions to be settled on this appeal.
It is first insisted by counsel for the administrator that a joint will, such as was .probated in this case, is a nullity, for the reason that it destroys the power of revocation on the part of both the parties to it, and, therefore, contravenes the policy of the law.
Authorities of some weight are cited in support of this position, and to make an irrevocable will would be the creation of an instrument unknown to the law.
Redfield on Wills (volume 1, page 182) says that two or more persons may make a joint will that will be entitled to probate on the death of either, but will require a *80separate probate. The Indiana Supreme Court held in Black v. Richards, 95 Ind., 184, a joint will to be valid, and a like question was determined in Betts v. Harper, 39 Ohio St., 639.
If Andrew Tate, one of the testators, who survived his brother, had revoked the will in so far as he was interested in the property devised, his light to do so would have been sustained. It was his estate, and he had the right to dispose of it as he pleased, and if his own circumstances in life changed, or if the objects of his affections had forfeited their claims to his bounty for reasons to himself deemed sufficient, we perceive no reason why he could not have altered the will in so far as it affected his interest in the property. There was no effort on the part of either of the brothers to revoke the instrument, and both died leaving the paper as their last will and testament, and, being valid, the next of kin, who are also the devisees, took under the will and not as heirs at law.
The ground of recovery insisted upon by the appellee, Mrs. Hill, who was a daughter of the devisee, Gabriel Tate, is, that by the provisions of the will the entire residuum of the estate, after making a specific devise of certain lands to each one of the devisees, was devised to their nephew, Gabriel, and their two nieces, Mary Harding and Nancy Herr, for life, with remainder to their children, and that this residuum, consisting of Government bonds, deposits in bank, etc., was all paid over to the life tenants^ when it was the duty of the appellee, the administrator, to have paid them the interest only, holding the principal sum for those in remainder. The defense maintain that the residuum was devised to the nephew and nieces without any other consideration than that of their *81surviving the testators; that if they survived the two testators it was their absolute property, and if dead, that it then passed to the children of the one dying, if any, if not, then to the surviving devisees or their children.
It is also insisted that if the estate in the first taker was a life estate, the devise being specific in its character, it was the duty of the personal representative to pay over to the owners of the life interest the principal as well as the income of this devise, and for that reason no responsibility exists.
The testatoi’s devised to Gabriel Tate certain lands, describing them, “ for and during his life, and then to his children, and in case he shall leave no child alive at his death, the said lands shall be divided equally between Mary Harding and Nancy Herr, if both shall survive, for their use and benefit during their lifetime, and then to their children. If Mary shall survive Gabriel, he leaving no child, then the lands bequeathed to him shall be equally divided between her for her use and benefit during life, and then to her children, and to the children of Nancy, or if Nancy shall leave no child the lands shall pass to the possession of Mary during her life, and then to her children, or if only Nancy shall survive Gabriel, he leaving no child, the lands bequeathed to him shall be equally divided between her, for her use during life, and then to her children and the children of Mary, or if Mary shall leave no child, the said lands shall pass to the possession of Nancy during her life, and then to her children.” If neither Mary nor Nancy shall survive Gabriel, he leaving no child, the lands bequeathed to him shall be equally divided between the child or children of
Mary, and the child or children of Nancy, or if either shall *82leave no child, the lands shall pass to the possession of' the child or children of the other.”
To Mary Harding and Nancy Herr he devises certain lands and makes the identical provision with regard to their interests that is made in the devise to Gabriel, vesting the surviving devisees and life tenants with an estate for life and then to their children. In other words,, the nephew and two nieces are made life tenants in the devises made to each, and also life tenants in what they may take as survivors if one of the life tenants should die without children. The devisors not only attempted,, but did, in apt words, make the nephew and nieces life tenants in the real estate devised, remainder to their children, and in such a manner as can leave ho doubt as to^ their intention.
It is the sixth clause of the will from which this litigation originates. It is as follows: “ If at the death of whichever one of us shall survive the other, there shall remain any property held in partnership during life, not herein or hereafter disposed of by us or either of us, the same shall be, after our burial expenses are paid, equally divided between our said nephew, Gabriel Tate, and our said niece, Mary Harding, and our said niece, Nancy Herr, or their children, on the same conditions, by the same rule and in the same manner as are detailed in, the foregoing bequests.” The foregoing bequests were the devises made of the lands by the testators to their nephew and two nieces, for none other had been made by the will' except a provision for' the support of an aged relative. The appellees say that the devise in this sixth clause of the will, under which this large amount of Government bonds and stocks pass, places no limitation on the title by *83which it is to be held; that it was a devise directly to the nephew and nieces, or if they or either of them did not survive the last testator, then to their children. The verbiage is — “ shall he equally divided between Gabriel Tate, Mary Harding and Nancy Herr or their children”— and, if this was the entire clause of the will, it would be plain that the nephew and nieces, if they survived the testators, would take the absolute interest in this personalty, but in the same' connection, and following the word children, “ on the same conditions, by the same rule and in the same manner as are detailed in the foregoing bequests.” The draftsman, it is true, knew how to create a life estate, for he had done so in plain terms with reference to the land, and in the general residuary devise it is provided that you or your children shall have what you get under that devise, uon the same conditions, by the same rule and in the same manner as are detailed in the foregoing bequests.” The .devisor, to use the language of the will, had, in detail, stated the mode in which his realty should pass, and the same shall apply to the residuary devise, to be held on the same conditions, by the same rule and in the same manner as you hold the estate already devised to you. We are satisfied that such was the intention of the testators, and to determine otherwise, we must necessarily disregard the plain language used in expressing their wishes.
Counsel for the appellees say, that if the sixth clause of the will creates a life estate only, the life tenant, or' rather the one having an interest in this personalty for life, was entitled to the use and the possession of the-property devised that he might control and dispose of the income as he pleased, holding the principal as trustee *84for those in remainder. If a specific devise of bank stock or certain Government bonds, or all the Government bonds owned by the testators, or a devise of such a chattel as must necessarily be consumed in its use, or even a devise of a fixed sum of money,- then it is plain the life interest or the one taking it would be entitled to the possession without giving bond or securing the remainderman, unless the latter should show a purpose to waste or destroy it. With this the personal representative has nothing to do, but the proceeding for the safety of the fund is with the remaindermen or' some one representing them. It is the duty of the executor to pay it over. (2 Perry on Trusts, section 547; Covenhoven v. Schuler, 2 Paige, 122, 2 N. Y., Ch’y Rep. 844; Whittemore v. Russell, 80 Maine, 297.) If a specific legacy, the first takers are entitled to the possession. Is it a specific legacy ? Here is all the property not disposed of devised to one person for life, remainder to his children. It is a general devise, and nothing that distinguishes it from any other character of estate or that would make it specific in its character. Williams on Executors says, page 944, “ a specific legacy is defined to be the bequest of a particular thing, specified and distinguished from all others of the same kind.” (Lilly v. Curry’s Ex’r, 6 Bush, 592.)
In Golder county v. Littlejohn, 30 Wis., 351, the court said: “ The general rule is, that where there is a bequest of the whole of the testators’ personal estate or of the residue thereof, after the payment of debts and expenses of administration and legacies, to one person for life, with remainder to others after the termination of the life estate, the whole property must be converted into money and invested in permanent securities by the executoi', *85and the income only paid to the legatee for life, but if it can be gathered from the will that the testator intended that such legatees for life should enjoy the property in its then condition, the bequest is specific, and the legatee is entitled to the possession and enjoyment of the property, although the bequest be made in general terms.” While, as stated in the case cited, the intention of the testator must control, it does not, in our opinion, change the character of the devise from a general to a specific devise. It is still a general devise, and the tenant for life is only entitled to the possession because such was the wish of the testator, and this was evidently the meaning of the learned judge who delivered the opinion. There is nothing in the will- of these testators making .the devise specific in the sixth clause, but there' is a manifest intent plainly expressed, when considering the entire will, that the nephew and nieces should hold and have possession of the residuum of the estate. Much of the amount in controversy had been invested by the testators in Government bonds, an investment that was deemed secure, and as much so as any investment that could have been made by the personal representative, and while for his own protection, to prevent future litigation with the remaindermen, he should have consulted the Chancellor in a proceeding where the parties could be heard, having undertaken the trpst he found much of the personalty in the nature of secure investments, and a devise' to the nephew and nieces of this residuum or to their children, upon the same conditions and to he held in the same manner as the real estate. The Government bonds and cash in bank constituted the greater part of this personalty, and amounted to a sum exceeding eighty-six thousand dollars, *86that belonged to the three devisees for life, remainder to their children. No trustee was appointed by the will or any direction made as to the mode of its use.
The testators by the sixth clause expressly provide, that at the death of whichever one of them shall survive the other, all the property not disposed of by the will (and all the real estate had been) shall be, after our burial expenses are paid, equally divided between our said nephew, Gabriel, and our nieces, Mary Harding and Nancy Herr, when divided — at the death of the surviving testator and between the three life tenants — not to be placed in the hands of a trustee, nor retained by the administrator that he may invest and hold for the remaindermen, but to be divided between their nephew and nieces, and if one of the life tenants should be dead at the death of the last testator, then to be divided between his or her children, to be held in the same manner as the real estate, the manner of the holding applying to th^ life tenant as well as the children.
Again we find the expression in the will ,as to the realty repeated more than once, that if one should die without children, his or her interest shall “pass to the possession of the other.” 'He not only intended that the devisees for life should have the income, but the possession of both the real and personal estate. As to the real estate there can be no doubt, and when it is adjudged that the manner of the holding is the actual possession of the one species of property, the same manner of holding must be applied to the other, because the testators say so. The language “ on the same conditions, by the same rule and in the same manner as are detailed in the foregoing bequests,” not only determines the question of title, but *87.also all that makes up the evidences of title, and among the evidences of title is that of possession. This was the intention of the devisors. They desired the life tenants to use and enjoy the possession of the whole estate, and in giving effect to the language used in the sixth clause •of the will, by which the property is to be held in the same manner as that already devised, the Chancellor would scarcely confine himself in interpreting its meaning to the question of the mere naked title, in order to •hold the personal representative liable for the waste of the life tenant, but will go further and say, that under the language of the will, the use and possession under the sixth clause is similar to that under the devises of the real estate, and such was the intention of the testators we have no doubt.
The judgment dismissing the petition is, therefore, affirmed.
To a petition for rehearing, filed by counsel for appellants, Judge Pryor delivered the response of the court:
We concur with counsel, that the universal construction given to wills when a general devise of bonds or money is made to one for life, with remainder over, that it is the duty of the executor to retain the possession and pay to the life tenant the income, unless, from the whole will, it appears that it was the intention of the testator that the life tenant should have possession of the thing devised and if, in this case, there appeared nothing else than a devise of the bonds and money to the nephew and nieces for life, to be equally divided between them, remainder to their children, the administrator would be held .responsible if he gave to the life tenant the corpus of the *88estate, and permitted him to waste it. The. testators were doubtless as solicitous for the welfare of the life-tenants as their offspring, the remaindermen, and it is-manifest from the entire will they intended the life tenants to use, enjoy and possess the whole estate.
The testators left no trustee to hold this fund nor any direction to the executor as to the manner of its use and. possession, but after the death of the surviving testator it was expressly provided by the will that this personal estate, consisting of bonds, cash, etc., should be equally divided between our said nephew, Gabriel Tate, and our said niece, Mary Harding, and our- said niece, Nancy Herr, or their children, on the same conditions, by the same, rule and in the same manner as are detailed in the foregoing bequests. The bequests alluded to were the several-devises made of thé land, and if Mrs. Harding, the niece,, had died before the last testator, the executor of the will would have been required to deliver over to her children,, if she had any, the use and possession of their part of the residuary devise, for it would pass to them absolutely.
Now the testators never intended that if one of the life tenants died before they did, that the personal representative, at the death of the last testator, in dividing this real and personal estate, should give the use and possession of the devise to the children of the deceased life tenant, and withhold the possession of that part of the personalty going to the life tenants then living, that he might loan it out and pay them the income only. They were all (that is the life tenants) to have the use and possession, after the death of the testators, of the entire estate devised, and if one died before the testators, then the children took in the place of the life tenant dead. The divis*89ion was to be made in that way — at the death of the surviving testator — and the idea of the executor holding this estate of personalty until children then unborn might become entitled, never entered the mind of either testator.
Petition overruled.