delivered the opinion op the court.
In November, 1889, Lucy Snowden was tbe owner of certain tracts of land in Lee county, Kentucky, of tbe value of some six or seven thousand dollars. Her busband, James, bad recently sold some three thousand dollars’ worth of realty, a portion of tbe proceeds of which sale be still bad, together with some stock and other personalty. These old people, the husband being some seventy-odd years of age and the wife a few years younger, were living on the wife’s land. They were illiterate, ignorant and enfeebled by old age and disease, and greatly dependent, in the management of their affairs, on their sons, Arch and *35David P., who lived with and cared for them. Besides these two sons there was another, Asa, whose mental condition was below the ordinary average. There was only one other child, a married daughter, Margaret Smith, who had been a cripple since her girlhood, and who- lived with her husband and seven children at some distance from her father and mother. A few days before the date named above, the sons, Arch and David, procured a surveyor and had the lands of the mother run out, and deeds prepared conveying the -whole of them to themselves, Arch getting about two-thirds and David the balance. Their mother may have had some knowledge of this proceeding, but the father, who at least had a life estate in the lands, had no notice whatever of what was being done. Mrs. Smith and her husband were kept in ignorance of it. The old people, however, unhesitatingly, and • apparently voluntarily, signed and acknowledged the deeds, the recited consideration in one of them being five hundred, another three hundred and a third five hundred dollars — all cash in hand paid, the receipt of which was- acknowledged. The old lady, then afflicted with heart disease, died in a few months thereafter.
This action was then instituted by the old man, James Snowden, Asa and the daughter, Margaret, and her husband to set aside the deeds by reason of the imbecility and incompetency of the grantors, and the fraud, deception and controlling influence of the two grantees. After the case was prepared, an order was entered dismissing the action so far as James Snowden was concerned. This was on July 13, 1892. *36On tlie 16th of July, 1892, James Snowden offered to file his affidavit and moved to set aside the order of dismissal. He tendered an amended petition, which appears to have been sworn to on July 13, 1892, in which he again seeks to be made a party plaintiff and claims the relief he had originally claimed. His affidavit was to the effect that he had been persuaded by his son Arch to withdraw from the suit. The amendment was rejected, and the case being submitted, the court dismissed the petition. The amended petition was made a part of the record, and James Snowden, together with the Smiths and Asa Snowden, have appealed to this court. In this connection we notice the verified plea of James Snowden, filed here October 28, 1893, directing the appeal to be dismissed, so far as he is concerned, and this order has been made.
Whether, if living, the old lady would have followed her husband in his rapidly changing and contradictory positions in this action, we have no means of knowing. We do know that after making the conveyances, she denied having done so, and represented herself as in a position to still distribute her estate equally among all her children. She appeared willing enough to shift her position according to the company she was in.
In the consideration of this case, the learned chancellor was doubtless guided by the general rule that the plaintiff who seeks to set aside a deed of the character here involved, must take the burden, and make out affirmatively a case of fraud or the existence of undue influence. As we have seen, so far as the proof of any witness goes, there is nothing to show otherwise than that the deeds were executed and acknowl*37edged freely and voluntarily. The conduct of the officer reading them and taking the acknowlegement is such as is usual and is entirely free from suspicion. Nor does any witness testify to unsoundness of mind on the part of the grantors or to the active operation of any hurtful or undue influence.
But does this case fall within the class of cases in which the burden is on the plaintiffs ? It is not the case of a gift from parent to child. No such consideration as love and affection is hinted at. On the contrary, the recited consideration is a pecuniary one solely, and the falsehood, for such we find it to be, is pushed to the extent of an assertion that the sum named is “cash paid in hand,” &c., when the proof discloses that not a dollar was paid or promised; nor is this a case of the execution of a will requiring the exercise of no contractual capacity. It seems to us that the relation of the parties is such, and the false recitations of the deeds emphasize this opinion, as to throw on the parties seeking to uphold the transaction the burden of showing the absence of all inequitable features, as well as that the parties acted voluntarily, deliberately and with full knowledge of the nature and effects of their acts. Mr. Pomeroy and Mr. Story so state the rule.
The former says of such transactions: “When the accompanying incidents are inequitable and show bad faith, such as concealments, misrepresentations, undue advantage, oppression on the part of the one who obtains the benefits, or ignorance, weakness of mind, sickness, old age, incapacity, pecuniary necessities and the like, on the part of the other, these circumstances, *38combined with inadequacy of price, may easily induce a court to grant relief, defensive or affirmative.” (Pomeroy’s Equity, sec. 928.)
In the case under consideration the grantors were •old, ignorant and enfeebled by disease; the grantees were vigorous, aggressive and already in charge of the persons and the property of the grantors. We may say in general that when such a relation exists the person obtaining the benefit must show, by the clearest evidence, that the transaction was freely and voluntarily entered into, and devoid of inequitable incidents. A most important feature in this case is the false recital of the consideration. These old people were themselves as clay in the hands of the potter. As to them, the question of consideration was immaterial, but it appeared important to the grantees to show to those equally and naturally interested in the partition about to be made of the estate, that a bona fide sale had been consummated for a valuable consideration. The recital of the false consideration carries with it the thought and purpose of a designing and intentional concealment of the truth, and this falsehood and concealment are the highest evidences of the fraudulent intent with which the writings were procured, not necessarily of actual but of constructive fraud, assumed in view of the relation of the superior contracting with the inferior, the independent with the dependent, the strong with the weak. The grantees, it seems to us, can find no relief in assuming the position, after the attack on the deeds was made, that the real consideration was love and affection, and an agreement to care for the grantors during the remainder of their lives.
*39The intent in the procurement of the writings must ibe gathered from the recitals of the writings themselves,. and the beneficiary will not be relieved of the necessary inference of intentional deceit on his part by asserting a consideration inconsistent with the one named in the writing. We may say generally that where the parties to a deed sustain fiduciary and confidential relations toward each other, or where one of the parties is subject to the influence of the other, the writing should contain a fair and truthful statement of the transaction. (See notes to section 928, Pomeroy’s Equity.) The learned author last referred to says in such connection: “If the statement of the consideration is untrue, the instrument can not be upheld. The party seeking to uphold it, can not prove, in order to sustain it, that the actual consideration was partly that represented in the deed and partly something else, since this would be inconsistent with the consideration stated .in the face of the instrument.”
And authorities are cited to the effect that, “if a pecuniary consideration is 'stated in the deed, and is impeached, the party can not show and rely on the -consideration of blood or love and -affection” (Clarkson v. Hanway, 2 P. Wms., 203; Willan v. Willan, 2 Dow., 274,), though “if the recitals state a pecuniary consideration, and the operative part mentions love and affection as being in part the consideration of the deed, this discrepancy is not sufficient to raise a presumption of fraud.” (Filmer v. Gott, 4 Bro. P. C., 230.) Without fully approving the doctrine quoted to the extent announced by these authorities, we may .safely say that the existence of misrepresentation, con*40cealment and falsehood in material and important particulars in writings between parties occupying these delicate relationships toward each other, affords the-strongest evidence of fraudulent intent on the part of the superior contractor, and readily opens the way for equitable interposition. The vacillating conduct of the former complainant, James Snowden, does not merit, as it would under ordinary circumstances, a refusal to hear his pleas, but is of itself evidence of want of mind and capacity.
In order that the deeds may be set aside, so far as they may affect the present appellants, Asa Snowden and the Smiths, the judgment below is reversed for proceedings consistent herewith.