DELIVERED the opinion oe the court.
On the defendant’s trial for rape, his defense being that • carnal knowledge of the prosecutrix was had by him with •her consent, it was error for the court to refuse to permit him to prove by third parties, and by the prosecuting witness on cross-examination if he could, acts of a lewd or lascivious ¡character on her part occurring shortly before the' alleged rape, such as that other young men had taken undue liberties with her person, by putting their hands under her clothes and feeling her per'son, to which she submitted without objection. In all the courts it is held admissible to show the reputation of the prosecutrix for general chastity by general evidence, but in some of the States .it is held incompetent to prove *229-particular acts of unehastity. We. tbink, however, tbe contrary rule is more in accord with reason. If tbe prose-cutrix in fact permitted sucb undue liberties to the extent indicated tbe jury may gather some light on tbe question of whether she the more likely consented to the intercourse. It may be far from conclusive, but it is at least somewhat relevant to the inquiry. The cases of Benstine v. State, 2 Lea, 169; Woods v. People, 55 N. Y., 515; State v. Johnson, 28 Vermont, 512; State v. Murray, 63 N. C., 31, seem to be directly in point. . -
Again, under the first instruction the jury was authorized to convict the defendant if he had carnal knowledge with the prosecutrix “against her will or consent, or by force or by putting her in fear.” Rape is the unlawful carnal knowledge of a female by force and without her consent (4 Blackstone, 210; 2 Arch. Cr. Pr., 152; 1 Russ. Cr., 9th Ed., 904, 912.) It is the ravishing of a woman against her will and without her consent (1 East P. C., chapter 4, section 34). Force, actual or constructive, is a necessary ingredient in. the crime except in cases not now involved. And a conviction in this case should not have been permitted unless the act was committed forcibly and against the will of the prose-cutrix. The instruction hardly comes up to this requirement.
If the prosecutrix passively submitted, though without act-Pally consenting to the intercourse, a conviction was authorized under the instruction. Yet if she so submitted without active resistance, because there is no reason shown why she could not have so resisted, the defendant is not guilty of rape, although he may not have obtained formal consent.
*230.Again, by the fifth instruction the jury were told that if the prosecutrix failed to make complaint at the earliest op-' portunity, unless she explained this satisfactorily, or if she failed to repel defendant with all the resistance within her power, or if she made no outcry at the time, then these circumstances should be taken into consideration with the other evidence “as tending to show that no rape was committed.’’ This instruction should not have been given. It was not the province of the court to select or group certain facts and attempt to dictate to the jury the force to be given them. And the same vice appears in the "third instruction, where the jury were told if the prosecutrix “complained of the alleged rape at the earliest opportunity, this fact should be taken into account as a circumstance tending to corroborate the testimony of the said witness.”
The testimony of the witnesses, Gabbert and Adcock were properly rejected and that of Mrs. Roby properly admitted.
For the reasons given the judgment is reversed, with directions to award the defendant a new trial and for proceedings consistent with this opinion.