Opinion or the court by
JUDGE NUNNReversing.
This appeal is from a judgment of the Campbell circuit court sustaining a' demurrer to the petition of appellant. The petition is in two paragraphs. After setting forth 'the usual and formal averments, we quote in substance such portions as are necessary for the determination of the question before us: “That on May 8, 1902, the property holders owning more than two-thirds of the front feet of all the property fronting upon Columbia street, in Newport, Ky., between Third and Fourth streets, petitioned the general council of the city in a written petition for the reconstruction of Columbia street between Third and Fourth streets with cement curb and gutter and a roadway-constructed of brick or other improved material. That after this petition was presented to the council, it, by a vote of two-thirds of the members-elect of both boards, the vote in each case being recorded on the journal of the board, passed the following resolution: “Be it resolved that the reconstruction of Columbia street, between Third and Fourth streets, by grading, combination cement curb and gutter, and bituminous macadam roadway, is hereby declared a necessity, and that the same be done pursuant to the provisions of the act governing cities of the second class and the ordinance of May 7, 1894, of the city of Newport, regulating-the same; and that-the city engineer report a grade for said part of Columbia street, plans and *498specifications for the reconstruction of same, and an estimate of the cost and rate per foot of property fronting or abutting thereon.” Thereafter the city engineer, in the manner prescribed by law and the ordinances of the city,advertised for bids for the reconstruction of this street according to the provisions of this ordinance, and thereafter, to-wit, on ' the 4th day of June, 1902, two bids, and no more, for the reconstruction! in conformity with this ordinance, were duly received and opened by the committee appointed by the general council to receive and open bids, who reported same to the general council. The bids are as follows: The appellee the Central Bitulithie Paving Company, $4,014.25, and Joseph Collopy, $4,214.60. And it was thereafter re-, solved by the general council that a contract for the reconstruction of this! street with cement curb and gutter arid! bituminous macadam roadway be awarded to the appellee paving company at its ■ said bid. This contract was entered into, and the city’s and abutting lot owners? parts each cost more than $2,400, and the paving company was then engaged in paving the streets under this contract.; It is alleged that by an ordinance of the city, a copy of which was filed, entitled “An ordinance prescribing the method of procedure governing and regulating the construction and reconstruction of all public ways and sidewalks in the city of Newport, Ky,” approved May 7, 1894, then in force, and continuously in force since that time, it was provided that a contract for the reconstruction of any street in the city should be awarded to the lowest and best bidder therefor; that bituminous macadam was then, and had been continuously since March 13, 1902, a patented composition; that the machinery for making and laying this composition is patented; that the Central Bitulithie Paving Company then *499liad, apd continuously has had since last-mentioned date, exclusive control of this patented composition and the machinery for making and laying same, and the sole right to construct roadways of that material in thait city and vicinity; that the method of making this bituminous macadam and constructing roadways therewith was known only to those having control of this patent, and that no one except the Central Bitulithic Paving Company coiuld make, or could have made, a bona fids bid for the reco'nstruction ofi this street with this material; that bituminous macadam is greatly, inferior to vitrified brick for the reconstruction of a roadway; that the bid offered by Joseph Collopy for $4,214.60 was a sham bid;'that this bid was- made by Collopy in pursuance of a conspiracy entered into between him and the Central BitulithicPaving Company, by which it was agreed that Collopy should offer a higher bid for the reconstruction of this street than that offered by the paving company; that each and all of the members of the general council at the time this bid of Collopy was received knew that it was a sham bid, and that neither Collopy, nor any one except the Central Bitulithic Paving Company, could construct the bituminous macadam roadway in that city; that each and all of the members of the general council well -knew, and had continuously known since May 8, 1902, that the manufacture of bituminous macadam and the construction of the roadways therewith was and is exclusively controlled by the Central Bitulithic Paving Company, and that no one except the Oentrnl Bitulithic Paving Company could make a bona fide bid for the reconstruction of this street with this material; that this contract between the city and this paving company was in violation of the ordinance of May 7, 1894, particularly that part thereof which provides that a contract for the recon*500struction of a street of the city shall ■ be awarded to the lowest and best bidder, and is void, etc. It is admitted that the city- council of Newport had duly passed an ordinance May 7, 1894, providing that a contract for the reconstruction of a street of that city should be awarded to the lowest and best bidder, and that this ordinance was still in effect, and had never been repealed or modified. In view of this admitted fact the sole question presented upon this appeal for determination is whether or not the resolution of date May 8, 1902, requiring the reconstruction of Columbia street to be made1 with bituminous macadam, and the contract with the paving company with reference thereto, were or not authorized and valid. In other words, had the city council of this municipality the power to, award a contract for the paving of a street with a patented composition to a corporation having the control of the patent and the exclusive right tó lay streets with the patented composition, and which was the sole person that could make a Iona fide bid therefor, under an ordinance which precluded competitive bidding, and required the street to be paved with this patented coimposition? In effect it is contended that the ordinance of May, 1894, requiring competitive bids for the reconstruction of streets, was passed by the city council only; that, the charter of .cities of the second class being silent with reference thereto, the council had the power and right to disregard the requirements of this ordinance. And it was also contended that, even if this requirement of competitive bidding had been in the charter, a compliance with the forms, as was done in this case, would have been sufficient. But, even if a compliance 'With the form was not sufficient, still it was not applicable To a case like this, where there could be no competitive bidding, as competitive bidding would deprive the city of availing itself of the benefit of patented articles.
*501By the charter governing second-class cities in this Commonwealth it is provided that the general council shall by ordinance adopt a uniform system to govern and regulate the construction and reconstruction of all public ways and sidewalks of the city. Under the authority given them by the charter the general council of the. city of Newport passed such ordinances, and one requiring that in the construction and reconstruction of its streets the contract for-same should be let, after advertising, to the lowest and. best bidder. These laws or ordinances were as binding on. the council as if the same had been inserted in the charter, until modified or repealed by the council in the way and. manner provided by law. This provision in the ordinance was evidently inserted for the benefit and protection of the taxpayers and all the citizens, and especially those owning abutting property on streets to be constructed and reconstructed; and, in our opinion, the council had no right and power to ignore the provisions' of this ordinance.
We can not agree with the contention that, if the requirement of competitive bidding was necessary, a compliance with the forms, as was done in this case, would have been sufficient. It is admitted by the demurrer in this case that Gollopy, the other bidder, agreed and entered into a conspiracy that they would go through the forms of a bidding, and that Gollopy was to offer a higher bid for the work, and that each and all of the members of the council knew this fact, and also knew that appellee Central Bitulithic Paving Company could only make a Iona fide bid for the reconstruction of this street with this material, and that they knew this when they passed this ordinance of May, 1902, fixing bituminous macadam as the only mate-' rial for the reconstruction of this street. To say the law requiring competitive bidding was binding, and to accept. *502such competitive bidding as a compliance therewith, would be a farce.
The other proposition — and the only real question to be decided — is more serious, and that is whether or not the law requiring competitive bids was intended to be and can be made applicable to things or material for .the construction or reconstruction of streets where it is impossible to have'competition as in this case, and thus prevent patent processes from being used, and the city from using such material when it deems it to be for the best interest of the city so to do. This court has never passed upon this question, and the courts of other States are divided upon it. The right of a qity to avail itself of patented inventions in the improvement of streets, etc., where the law required the letting of contracts to the lowest bidder, has been before the courts of several States, and the adjudications thereon are not uniform, and the courts are not unanimous in their opinions. In YVisconsin, California, Louisiana, New Jersey, and Illinois the right has been denied, while in Michigan, Kansas, New York, and Missouri it has been sustained. These cases appear to discuss ordinances or charters that required the city council to accept the bid of the lowest responsible bidder, not giving any discretion to the •council except as to solvency — unlike the ordinance in this case, which required the council to accept the lowest and best bid, which gave the' council the discretion to accept the bid of the lowest and best bidder after considering all the questions involved, such as price, quality, and durability of material, responsibility of the bidders, the interest of taxpayers of the whole city, and especially of those who owned abhtting property. See the case of Trapp v. City of Newport, 25 R., 224, 74 S. W., 1109. The substance of .the reasons given in the cases decided by.the courts oh *503Michigan, Kansas, New York,' and Missouri in upholding an ordinance requiring a street to be constructed or reconstructed with a patented article, and where, from the' nature of the case, there could be no competition, are given in the case of Hobart v. The City of Detroit, 17. Mich., 246, 97 Am. Dec., 185, decided by a divided court.. In that case-a plaintiff sought to enjoin a tax levied on a lot owned by him for the purpose - of paying the expense of paving in front of it with Nicholson pavement, upon the ground that the contract for the pavement was illegal. The charter of the city of Detroit provided that no contract for any public work, where the amount of such contract exceeded 1200, should be let or entered into except to and with the lowest responsible; bidder. The-right to lay the Nicholson pavement in Detroit at the time this contract was let was owned exclusively by the firm of Smith, Cook & Co., the contractors, who* alone, therefore,, could and did bid for the contract, a.nd, there being no possibility of a competitor, the contract was awarded to them on their own .terms. In denying the plaintiff the relief sought, the court, by Cooley, C. J., said: “The doctrine of' the complaint leads- to this conclusion: That wherever, from the nature of the case, there can be no competition,, the city can make no contract, however important or necessary for the interest of the city, since contracts, except by public letting are forbidden by the express terms of the statute, and those by public letting are forbidden by an implication which is equally imperative. And, if applied in this case, however much the mode of paving may exceed all others in utility, it can not be adopted in the city of Detroit, or in any other city with like provisions in its. charter, even although the proprietors of the patent might be willing to lay it on -terms more advantageous to the-*504city than those on which pavement of less value could be procured.” On the other hand, the substapce of the cases deciding- against the validity of such ordinances and contracts by the courts of Wisconsin, California, Louisiana, New Jersey, and Illinois is given in the case of State of New Jersey v. The City of Elizabeth, 35 N. J. Law, 351. The city council of the city of Elizabeth had passed an ordinance “that Morris avenue, from the track of the Central Railroad Company of New Jersey to the city line should be paved with Stow foundation pavement.” Sealed proposals for paving in accordance with the ordinance were received from John Bryan & Co., and, they being the only bidders, the contract was awarded to them at their bid. John Bryan & Co. owned the exclusive right to lay the Stow foundation in the city of Elizabeth. Section 123 of the charter of 1863 of Elizabeth directed that contracts exceeding $100 “shall be advertised, and shall, at all times, be given to the lowest bidder.” In that case the court said: “This section of the statute contemplates the public advantage of an open, free competition in doing work and furnishing materials for all public improvements, which is inconsistent with the exclusive right to sell' a patented article previously selected and alone acceptable. In the case of John Coar et al. v. Jersey City (at the present term of this court) [35 N. J. Law, 404] it is decided that, where the resolution of the city council was to pave with the Nicholson pavement, that being a patented pavement, and the right to use it in Jersey City exclusively held by the only bidder for the work, there was not and could not be any competition within the intent of the charter, and for that reason the resolution and proceeding in awarding the contract to such bidder should be set aside. It requires considerable ingenuity to avoid such a reasonable *505conclusion from such plain and direct statutory requirements. No one can compete on equal terms with a man. who controls the sale of the thing needed. Bidding under such a condition is but a form, and the result must almost necessarily be deceptive and injurious to persons who are to be assessed for payment. There can hardly be a lowest bidder, within the intent of the charter where there can be in reality but one bid. This question does not appear to have been considered in State v. Ayers, (June term, 1871) for the reason, probably, that there are other provisions in the charters of many of our cities! taking patented processes out of the operation of a similar section. The policy of such exception is not within our province to determine after legislative authority is given, but I must give a hearty approval of the expression used by Judge Campbell (dissenting opinion) in the Detroit Case, where he says: ‘I can conceive. no more fruitful source of possible inducements to corruption than the monopoly of paving the streets of a large city.’ ”
It is unnecessary for this court to determine which doctrine is correct, that of Michigan or that of New Jersey, for the reason that the charter or ordinance under consideration in these cases required the council and made it imperative that it should accept the bid of the lowest responsible bidder. The ordinance in' the case at bar required the council to accept the bid of the lowest and best bidder, and the reasoning given by the court in the case of Fishburn v. Chicago, 171 Ill., 338, 49 N. E., 542, 39 L. R. A., 482, 63 Am. St. Rep., 236, decided February 14, 1898, is peculiarly applicable to the case under consideration. The court in that case said: “If the requirement that the asphaltum to be used in the improvement should be obtained from Pitch Lake, in the Island of Trinidad, tended to restrict competí*506tion among those who might desire to become bidders for the performance of the work of improving the street, or tended to create a'monopoly in favor of any one having for sale the asphaltum necessary to be used in the work of paving the street, it would fall under the ban of this general rule of the law, and must be declared inoperative and void. But it may be said that cities, in the construction of public improvements, ought to have, as have individuals in the construction of private structures, the right to select for use the article or substance best fitted and adapted to the purpose, and that to deprive the public of the right to select and use such superior articles is opposed to public policy, and positively disadvantageous to the public. The force of this argument must, of course, be admitted; but upon reflection it is readily seen it is not necessary to foster and create a monopoly and prevent competition in the letting of public contracts by providing in ordinances that a certain substance or article, and no other, shall be used. If it be the judgment of the city council that the most suitable and best materials to be used in any contemplated improvement is the product of some particular mine or quarry, or some substance or compound which is in the control of some particular firm or corporation, the ordinance might be so framed as to make such production, substance, or compound the standard of quality or fitness, and to require that material equal in all respects to it should be employed. An ordinance making it indispensable that an article or substance in the control of but a certain person or corporation shall be used in the construction of a public work must necessarily create a monopoly in favor of such person or corporation, and also limit the persons- bidding to those who may be able to make the most advantageous terms with the favored person or corporation. If all the ordinances’adopted by the city council of the city.of Chi*507cago providing for the paving of the streets and public places in the city should select the stock in trade of a particular firm or corporation as the only material to be used in making such street improvements, the evil would be' intolerable: and, if they may lawfully select such article in an ordinance, it can not be unlawful to. make it the settled policy of the city that material for paving the streets shall be purchased from but one seller.” The ordinance in the case at bar directed that this street be improved with bituminous macadam, and it is admitted that the appellee the Central Bitulithic Paving Company had the complete and exclusive control of this substance, and that no one but it could have made a bona fide bid for the construction of this street with this material, and that each member of the council knew these facts at the time the ordinance was passed. In Beach on the Modern Law of Contracts (vol. 2, section 1108) it is said: “Whatever tends to prevent competition between those engaged in an employment or business impressed with a public character is opposed' to public policy, and therefore unlawful; and whatever tends to create a monopoly is unlawful, as. being contrary to public policy. All grants creating monopolies and acts tending to prevent proper competition are, by common law, illegal and void.”
For the reasons given, we are of the opinion that the ordinance requiring the street to be .improved with bituminous macadam, without placing it in competition with other like or equally as good material for such purposes, was and is void, and the court erred in sustaining a demurrer' to appellant’s petition. WTierefore the judgment of the lower court is reversed, and the cause remanded for'further proceedings consistent herewith.
Judge Paynter dissents.