Opinion of tub court by
CHIEF JUSTICE BURNAMAffirming.
This proceeding was instituted by the Attorney General, under section 485 of the Civil Code of Practice, against Thos. Stack, for usurpation of the office of councilman from, the fourth ward of the city of Dayton, for a term beginning on the 7th of December, 1903. The petition alleges that on the 3d of November, 1903, a general election was held in the fourth ward of the city of Dayton for the election of councilmen to represent the said ward for a term of two years, beginning on the 7th day of December, 1903, and that at the election Charles Thomas received 148 votes, F. A. Dietz 139 votes, and the defendant, Thos. Stack, 139 votes; that the defendant was not elected to the office of councilman in said city for said ward, beginning on the 7th of December, 1903, but that notwithstanding this fact he .had taken the oath of office and qualified as councilman from the fourth ward or the term beginning on the) 7th of December, 1903, and had usurped and entered upon, and! then was in the exercise of, the rights, powers, and duties thereof, wrongfully. The defendant answered that he was a candidate for the office of councilman from the fourth *484ward of Dayton, a city of the fourth class, at an. election held on the 3d of November* 1903, at which he received 139 votes, as alleged in the petition; and that on November 16, 1903, the mayor and board of councilmen of the city of Dayton appointed a committee of said board to canvass the returns of the election for the city offices and members of the board of councilmen of the city of Dayton held November 3, 1903, as certified to said board of councilmen by the board of election commissioners of Campbell county; and that at a meeting of said board of council of the city of Dayton held November 23, 1903, said committee made its report, and, by the terms of said report, recommended that the certificate of election of councilman of the fourth ward be issued to the defendant, Thos. Stack; that said report was duly adopted by said board of councilmen on the said 23d of November, 1903, and approved by the mayor, November 24, 1903, and said report and action by the mayor was approved by the said board of councilmen on December 7, 1903; and that, in pursuance of said action of said board of councilmen and said mayor, the city clerk of said city of Dayton did, on November 23, 1903, issue a certificate of election to this defendant as a member of the board of councilmen for the fourth ward of said city of Dayton, to serve for a term of two years from the first Monday in December, 1903, and in pursuance of said certificate of election this defendant took the oath of office and qualified as a councilman — and denied that he was wrongfully in the exercise of the rights, powers, and duties thereof. The following exhibit was filed with the answer: “Dayton, Ky. Nov. 23, 1903. I, Charles A. Bird, City Clerk, do hereby issue this certificate to Thos. Stack, by order of the Board of Councilmen of the city of Dayton, Ky. I do hereby certify that Thos. Stack has been *485•elected as a member of the Board of Councilmen for the Fourth Ward of said city of Dayton, Kentucky, to serve for a term of two years from the 1st Monday in December, 1903, by order of the Board of Councilmen of the city of Dayton. Charles A. Bird, City Clerk.” The following amended answer was subsequently filed: “The defendant, for amendment to his answer herein, says that said committee appointed on November 10, 1903, as alleged in said petition, and said board of councilmen, did canvass said returns as certified to said board of councilmen by said board •of election commissioners of Campbell county, and that thereafter said committee reported as alleged in his answer.” A general demurrer was filed by the plaintiff to the answer as amended, and sustained; and, defendant declining to plead further, it was adjudged he had usurped the office of councilman in the city of Dayton for the term beginning •on the 7th of December, 1903, and that he be ousted therefrom, and from that judgment he has appealed.
In a proceeding of this character instituted by the Commonwealth, the burden of showing right or title to the office alleged to be usurped is upon the respondent. See 23 A. •£; E. Ency. of Law, 625, and authorities there cited. The rule is admirably stated in Mechem on Public Officers, section 491, as follows: “Where a proceeding is instituted by and on behalf of the State, in its sovereign capacity, to test the title of an alleged usurper, much more generality of allegation is tolerated than in cases where a private intlividual is the prosecuting party. The title to all offices being derived from the State, and it having an inherent right at any time to call upon one who assumes to exercise the functions of a public office to show his right to do so, it is evident that no specific allegation of right or 'title upon the part of the State can be necessary. It is often said, *486therefore, that the State is under no obligation to show any-thing on its part, and that the charge, in general language, that the respondent has entered into, usurped, and unlawfully exercised the functions of a certain office, is all that is required to put him to his answer.”
The respondent in this case rests his claim to be a member of the board of councilmen of the city of Dayton for the term beginning on the 7th of December, 1903, solely upon a certificate issued to him on the 23d of November, 1903, by order of the board of councilmen of the city of Dayton, whose term of office expired on the very day on which the term of the council of which appellant claims to be a member began. It is true that he alleged that this certificate was approved by the mayor on the 24th of November, 1903, and that the action of the mayor was approved by the board of councilmen on December 7, 1903; but, construing the pleading most strongly against the defendant, as we must, all that this answer alleges is the approval of the mayor of the action of the council, and their ratification of his act before their term of office expired. Subsection 5 of section 1596a of the Kentucky Statutes of 1903 provides for the canvassing of returns of an election by the county board, and the issuing of certificates of election. It reads as follows: “On the next day, the said county board of election commissioners shall meet in the county clerk’s office between ten and twelve o’clock in the morning, open and canvass the returns of such election, and give triplicate or more written certificates of election over their signatures of those- who have received the highest number of votes for any office, exclusively within the gift of the voters of the county, one copy of the certificate to be retained in the clerk’s office, another delivered to each of the persons elected, and the other forwarded by the county clerk to the Secretary of State at *487the seat of government. For offices not within such gift they shall give duplicate or more written certificates over their signatures of the number of votes given in the county, city, town, district, or precinct, particularizing therein the precinct at which the votes were given, one copy to be retained in the clerk’s office, one delivered to the sheriff, and one in case of municipal or district elections to the common council of said municipality or the governing authority of such district.” The only duty imposed by this section upon the county board of election commissioners in cases of municipal offices is to count the ballots and certify the returns to the common council of such municipality. They are not authorized in such cases to issue the certificate of election. Subsection 11 of the same section of the statute provides, that, “where the canvassing board of two or more counties on comparison of the returns, or the board of canvassers for a county, find that two or more have received tbe highest and equal number of votes for the same office, they shall, by lot, determine which of the candidates is elected.” But no power or authority is given to the canvassing board to determine which of the candidates is elected in the case oí municipal officers. In such case their duty is fully discharged by certifying the vote to the common council of such municipality. That this was the purpose of the General Assembly is made quite clear by section 3486 of- the Kentucky Statutes of 1903, which is a provision of the charter of fourth class cities, to which Dayton belongs, and which reads as follows: “In case of a vacancy in the board by death, resignation, or any other cause, such vacancy shall be filled as hereinafter provided. The board shall meet at such times and places as shall be provided by ordinance. It shall judge of the eligibility and election returns of its members, adopt rules for its proceedings and govern*488ment, and enforce the same by appropriate fines, not exceeding ten dollars for each offense; and three-fourths of the members voting affirmatively may, for good cause, expel any member.” Section 3552 of the Kentucky Statutes of 1903* which is also a section of the charters of fourth class cities, provides • “If a vacancy shall occur in any elective office* including the office of councilman, such vacancy shall be filled by the board of council, subject to the provisions of the Constitution applicable thereto. If the election of any elective officer in cities of this class be contested, such contest shall be conducted and determined as provided by law in. cases of election of county officers.” It is apparent from these provisions of the charter of fourth class cities that the board of councilmen whose term of office expired on the 7th day of December, 1903, had no power or authority to-determine who had been elected a member of the board of council of the city of Dayton for the succeeding term, and that the certificate relied on by the appellant, signed by Charles A. Bird, city clerk, conferred upon him no right to discharge any of the duties of a member of the common council of the city of Dayton whose term began on the 7th of December, 1903.
But it has been suggested that as the statute has made the board of common council of cities of the fourth class Judges of the eligibility and election returns of its members, and conferred upon them the power to fill vacancies* the courts are deprived thereby of jurisdiction to determine the question in proceedings under section 483 of the Civil Code of Practice, and it must be conceded that there are some decisions of courts which seem to approve this doctrine; but, after a very thorough examination of the question, we have reached the conclusion that the great weight of authority and the better reason is opposed to this doc*489trine, and the rule established that unless the statute conferring the jurisdiction upon the common council to judge of the election and qualification of its members unequivocally excludes, by express provision or necessary implication, the jurisdiction of the courts, it remains in them, and that conferred upon the council is only concurrent or temporary. This rule is laid down by Dillon on Municipal Corporations (3d Ed.) 202, 203, and notes; McCreary’s American Law of Elections, section 295, where a great many cases have been collated and cited; and 23 A. & E. Ency. of Law, 609.
As the board of council of the c-ity of Dayton whose term began on the first Monday in December, 1903, has not passed upon the claim of appellant to be a member thereof, it ’s unnecessary for us to decide what effect might be given by the court to their determination of the question if they had in fact so acted.
For reasons indicated, the judgment is affirmed.