Opinion by
Judge O’RearReversing.
Appellant is an educational institution, created, maintained and operated by the State of Kentucky. It is incorporated, but is officered by trustees appointed by the Governor by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, the Governor being ex officio member and chairman of the board. ' While a part of its sustenance is drawn from general appropriations made by the United States government, and in part from tuition fees received from certain of its pupils, yet it is in every essential feature a State college. Its main support is derived from the tax of one-half cent on the $100 levied in its behalf by the State of Kentucky. An act of the General Assembly *5which became a law March 26, 1904 (Acts 1904, p. 288, chap. 120), made an annual appropriation of $15,000 for the benefit of appellant, payable to its treasurer by the State Treasurer upon warrant issued by the Auditor of Public Accounts. The Auditor, having doubts of the constitutionality of the appropriation, declined to issue a warrant for the sum appropriated for this year. The petition of the appellant for a mandamus to compel the issual of the warrant was dismissed by the Eranklin Circuit Court.
It is claimed on behalf of appellee that the act of appropriation violates sec. 184 of the Constitution; that by that section no sum whatever can be appropriated for education by the State, other than for the common schools, unless it be first approved by a majority of the votes of the people at an election to determine the question.
Sec. 184 of the Constitution reads as follows: “The bond of the Commonwealth issued in favor of the Board of Education for the sum of one million three hundred and twenty-seven thousand dollars shall constitute one bond of the Commonwealth in favor of the Board of Education, and this bond and the seventy-three thousand five hundred dollars of the stock in the Bank of Kentucky, held by the Board of Education, and its proceeds, shall be held inviolate for the purpose of sustaining the system of common schools. The interest and dividends of said fund, together with any sum which may be produced by taxation or otherwise for purposes of common school education, shall be appropriated to the common schools, and to no other purpose. No sum shall he raised or collected for education other than in common schools until the question of taxation is submitted to the legal voters, and the majority of the votes cast at said election shall be in favor of such *6taxation: Provided, The tax now imposed for educational purposes, and for the endowment and maintenance of the Agricultural and Mechanical College, shall remain until changed by law.-’
The inherent power of the Legislature to appropriate public funds or to raise funds by taxation for governmental purposes, save as may have been withheld or limited by the Constitution, is not questioned. It is conceded that public education is a purpose for which taxes may be levied, and that, unless restricted by the Constitution, the exercise of the power in behalf of appellant would fall clearly within the rule. "Whether there is such restriction in the section quoted is the question for decision. Its analysis discloses that it is severable into three parts, viz: One, wherein a capital fund is provided, whose income and all other sums raised for the common school system are exclusively set apart for the benefit of the common schools; second, the exclusion of all other methods of public education by taxation until the question has been approved by the voters of the State; and, third, a limitation of the last-named provision, excluding from its operation certain institutions.
The common school system of this State is defined by statute (chap. 133, p. 1524, Ky. Stats. 1903). It is a uniform series of district schools, each local in its district, but all of general or equal grade throughout the State, varying only according to the population of the districts, and whether the districts have or not adopted the graded or high school system in addition. They afford free tuition for certain parts of the year to all resident children within the statutory age. They are sustained, in the main, by the income provided by sec. 184 of the Constitution, by certain taxes levied directly for their benefit, and certain fines and forfeitures. They may be aided, *7however, by local taxation in addition. Neither the Agricultural and Mechanical College, nor any other institution, is now or was then comprised within the system. No part of the appropriation now in question was derived from the bonds, stock, and income mentioned in sec. 184 of the Constitution, and inviolably set apart for the common schools. Nor was the question of this appropriation submitted to or passed upon by the voters of the State. If it is upheld, it is because it has been made under a power vested in, or, rather, not withheld from, the Legislature by the Constitution, the evidence of which is to be found within the proviso above quoted.
A mere reading of the section does not afford a conclusive guide to the intention of the framers of the Constitution, and presumably of the voters who adopted it. But as is usual, and always permissible, the evils which it was intended to avoid, and the conditions existing at the time of its adoption, must he looked to also. If the words of the section were perfectly plain and admitted of hut one interpretation, there would be no occasion to consult anything but the language of the section itself. But they are not. The expression “the tax now imposed for educational purposes” implies that there was then being raised by taxation a fund for the purpose of education, other than through the common school system already just provided for in the first part of the section. Indeed, the phrase forms an exception to the preceding clause, which treats of “education other than in common schools” through taxes levied for the purpose. Iti is, therefore, necessary to a clear understanding of the proviso, and of the clause with which it is most intimately connected, that we look to see what taxes were then being imposed for educational purposes, other than through the *8common schools. We discover that the following State institutions were then in existence: Asylum for the Tuition of the Deaf and Dumb, established in 1822 (chap. 4, p. 171, Gen. Stats.), name since changed by the statute to Kentucky Institute for Deaf Mutes (sec. 275, Ky. Stats., 1903); Kentucky Institution for the Education of the Blind (chap. 59a, p. 793, Gen. Stats., Ky. Stats., 1903, sec. 299); Institution for the Education and training of Feeble-Minded Children (chap. 40, p. 611, Gen. Stats.), name since changed by statute to Kentucky Institute for Feeble-Minded Children, by sec. 264, Ky. Stats., 1903; State Normal School for Colored Persons (chap. 96a, p. 1139, title “Schools,” art. 3, Gen. Stats., sec. 4527, Ky. Stats.); and appellant college (1 Acts 1877-78, pp. 46, 116, chaps. 424, 901; 1 Session Acts 1879-80, pp. 5, 10, 18, 38, 45, 73, 101, 137, 138, chaps. 49, 71, 157, 359, 402, 940, 1094, 1315). All of these institutions, established and used solely for educational purposes, were then owned and were being maintained by the State through appropriations of public funds raised in whole or in part by taxation. The proviso is then understood to read as if those very institutions had been named therein. That which is ambiguous, if not meaningless, otherwise, now becomes apparent.
There are yet other sources from which light may be drawn to aid in the more complete understanding of the section. One is the history of the time, including the troubles which had been encountered before the convention was called, and which, it may fairly be assumed, acted in part upon the popular judgment in bringing it into being to redraft the organic law of the State. The cause of public education had suffered at the hands of some of the previous Legislatures. Funds distributed to the State in the first Federal allotment for the benefit of education *9had been diverted from their proper application, and others had been lost in mismanagement. Sometimes that which was raised for school purposes by taxation was “borrowed” by other departments, and, if not permanently diverted, it failed to reach in due time the ends for which it had been paid in by the people; the Federal aid extended to encourage agricultural and mechanical education particularly among the States had been turned over (that which had not been lost) to certain denominational schools or institutions of private enterprise who would undertake to do what was required by the act of Congress. All these things led to more or less abuse of the educational interests of the State, and embroiled them in bitter strife in the rivalries of contending factions. Such is the sum of the evils which had grown up in the midst of a system designed by the people as one of the mainstays of the State, and which, happily, in spite of these untoward circumstances, continued to thrive in a measure. No one dreamed when a new Constitution came to be framed, in 1891, that the Commonwealth had tired in her efforts to furnish the best system her resources could provide for the education of the youth of the State, or intended to take a step backward. But warned by the experience of the past, and desiring to be rid of those evils which had hampered, and, indeed, threatened, our whole system of State education, the convention sought to give the system stability, to make impossible the recurrence of the conditions just alluded to. Therefore we find the section of the Constitution dealing particularly with this subject placing forever beyond the reach of any other use the principal sum and its investments which had been raised and received for educational purposes. It was likewise made impossible that the annual contributions of taxes for school *10purposes should be even temporarily diverted from their intended end. It was next so provided that the State could not embark in any further partnership educational enterprises, at least until the matter had been first approved by the people. In drawing the lines for safety about these matters which had been so disturbed and endangered, it was seen that the terms employed were so strict that possibly other institutions of learning belonging to the State, and forming no less a part of its system of popular education, might be hampered by a literal construction of the words. Hence the proviso that forms the exception to what had been said — that rescued what followed from what had gone before. "We have seen that those institutions were as if named in the excepting clause. Therefore, as to them, the Legislature was left free to continue, and, indeed, they were in terms continued by the Constitution itself, till such time as it might be “changed by law.” It could scarcely be claimed that the convention had the thought, or that the language used, in view of the conditions, admits of it, that for all the other means of public education the convention intended that the Legislature might deal with them as varying conditions seemed to demand, while of these particular institutions, also essentially and entirely educational, and so long established and maintained by the State as to be no longer experiments, the Legislature might not provide for them as their exigencies might seem to require from time to time. The language does not so restrict the purpose. It would have been unnatural and inharmonious with the general plan disclosed by the whole section. The taxes imposed for those institutions were to remain “until changed by law,” implying plainly that existing appropriations were continued and further appropriations were al*11lowed, or all might he lowered or discontinued in part or entirely, as the lawmaking department of the government might deem most expedient.
Still another aid to a proper interpretation of the section is open to us; that is, a recourse to the debates of the constitutional convention. While recognizing that these are in no sense controlling, as they may not have represented the views of the great majority of the body whose votes incorporated the measure as'finally adopted, and with even less assurance that they represent the views of the people-whose votes ratified the instrument at last, still they may properly be consulted in arriving at the meaning of doubtful phrases. As observed by Judge Cooley (Cooley’s Const. Lim., 66): “Where the proceedings clearly point out the purpose of the provision, the aid will be valuable and satisfactory.” The section was reported from the committee on education without the proviso. It was objected to on the ground that it might be construed to prevent further appropriations to the very institutions which have been named above, including appellant. Members of the committee, including its chairman, a distinguished citizen and lawyer, disclaimed such purpose, and defended the report by the assertion that it could not be properly so construed. At that time a specific tax of one-half cent on the $100 was being collected by law for the maintenance of appellant college. Its friends in the convention feared that the committee’s report, if adopted, would take away that aid, unless it were submitted specially to a vote of the people. A member of the committee (the delegate from Crittenden county) used this language in response to criticism of the stringency of the committee’s report: “So far as I am individually concerned, let this convention use language in this report that will not *12wipe out that half-cent tax, but leave it in such a condition that the Legislature in the future, if the people demand it, may deduct that half-cent tax, or add more to it, or do as they please with it, according to the necessities of the case. 'Let the people, through their representatives, say whether they want this tax to remain as it now stands or not, or increase it, or build up other institutions in the State. Let that matter rest with the people as the necessities of the case may require in the future.” (Page 4530.) “The convention will bear in mind that the Legislature has already all power, except as restricted by this Constitution. Now, I .aslc, what restriction is there in this section, or in any other section of the Constitution, upon the Legislature, from appropriating any fund that it sees proper in aid of the Agricultural and Mechanical College, the Normal School, the school at Bowling Green, Center College, or any other college in the State of Kentucky?” (Page 4574.) As embodying these views, in so far as they referred to institutions owned and controlled by the State, the same member offered the following as a substitute, in part, to the report of the committee: “Provided, however, The tax now imposed for educational purposes shall remain until changed by law.” It appears that the welfare of appellant college was, however, that which elicited the most comment in the debate, though it is equally clear the other institutions named were not lost sight of. The member from Payette county, where appellant college is located, who had spoken in its behalf before the convention, and who was extremely solicitous in its behalf — offered the following amendment to the substitute: “Amend the substitute by adding after the word ‘purposes’ the words ‘and for the endowment and maintenance of the Agricultural and Mechanical *13College.’” (Page 4576.) The substitute as amended was adopted. The debate was indulged in extensively by the-members, culminating in the-adoption of the amendments referred to, to meet the views expressed by those who feared that without it the Legislature would be powerless to provide by annual appropriations for these very institutions so long maintained and recognized as forming important parts of the State’s educational provision.
There is yet another aid to the interpretation of the section: That is, its contemporaneous, practical construction by all the other departments of the State government, including the Legislature. Every one of these institutions has been sustained by annua] appropriations, and at nearly every session of the Legislature since-the adoption of the present Constitution special additional appropriations have been made to some of them. These acts have received the approval of the various chief executives of the State, and have not been questioned, so far we are advised, by any other executive officer. Thus for fourteen years the legislative and executive departments have construed that there was reserved to the Legislature the plenary power with regard to the subject of education conducted through the means of the institutions just discussed; that the limitation upon its power was as to extensions by means of other institutions. This long and unquestioned construction, coming up for actual decision at least several times each year, ought to have and, by the rules of the courts, does have, great weight in resolving any doubt that the words themselves may have left as to the meaning of the section.
The final canon of construction, too, is, where there may be doubt, after all proper sources of aid have been resorted to, whether the act of the Legislature *14violates the Constitution, the doubt is resolved in favor of its constitutionality. Though we are left without doubt as to the meaning’ of the section, those who have doubts this last-named rule must control.
It is argued for appellee that there is really a difference between appellant and the other institutions particularized, in that the others are charitable institutions. While in a sense charitable in that they provide a means of education to classes of helpless unfortunates — not materially different in principle, though, from that required to be done by appellant — - yet they are distinctively educational institutions. They are provided with teachers, not guards. Instruction, not restraint, not physical care alone, is the main idea. The inmates are received as pupils at ages when other pupils are thought to be most impressionable, and are required to leave the institution upon the completion of the courses of instruction provided there. This is true- of all. Appellant and the State Normal School for Colored Persons are so similar in character that they may be deemed identical for purposes of classification.
Appellant seeks to uphold the appropriation on the ground that it is not a levying of taxes, and that only the levying of taxes for educational purposes is prohibited by the Constitution. We reject the argument as unsound. Appropriations of public funds and levying taxes to raise funds for the same end rest upon the same principle. If an object can not have a tax levied for it, if deemed necessary by the proper power, then no appropriation of public money can be made to it. Where the Constitution forbids the levying of a tax for a given purpose, it must be held that it also .withholds the power of making appropriations for that purpose, 'unless there is something in the Constitution which particularly *15and unmistakably authorizes the appropriation, which is not the case here.
The judgment of the circuit court must be reversed, and the cause remanded, with directions to overrule the demurrer to the petition, and for further proceedings not inconsistent herewith.
Judge Cantrill absent.