Opinion of the Court by
Chief Justice O’Rear.Keversing.
Appellee, Max Solliger, was the owner of a large quantity of whisky in. bond for more than five years before the institution of this proceeding in the Jeffer*70son county court to require him to list the whisky, or the warehouse receipts evidencing it, for taxation, as omitted property. Solliger had owned the whisky for a number of years. It had not been removed from the distillery bonded warehouse in Kentucky, where it was stored under the provisions of the revenue laws and regulations of the United States, until the internal revenue tax on it had been paid. Just before the expiration of the period when, under the statutes of the United States, it was required that the internal revenue tax upon it be paid, and the whisky removed, appellee, Solliger, owner of say 8,000 barrels of the whisky, removed it for export. Under the provisions of the United States statutes, that was allowed; the federal government in that event renouncing its taxes against it. All State taxes were paid on it up to that time. The whisky was exported to Hamburg and Bremen in Germany, where it was stored in public warehouses, in the name and for the benefit of the consignor. The warehousemen issued warehouse receipts therefor to the consignor, who was also the consignee. Appellee, Solliger, had the possession and the title to these receipts until they were sold, which was within the period for which they are sought .to be taxed, some of the whisky represented by them having been reshipped — probably a third or more of it to the United States, and some to Kentucky.
The contentions of the auditor’s agent in this proceeding to tax the property are: (1) That the exportation of the whisky was done in order to escape the payment of taxes upon it, and, as it was then intended to reimport it to the United States and to Kentucky, the character of the title and possession of the owner was never changed, and it was conse*71quently subject to taxation in Louisville, Kentucky, theo domicile of its owner. (2) That if tbe situs of tbe whisky be deemed to have been fixed in Germany by reason of the exportation, the warehouse receipts were nevertheless property, which, being in Kentucky where the owner resided, were taxable here. Appellee’s contention is that neither the whisky nor the warehouse receipts were taxable in Kentucky, because under section 10, article 1, Const. U. S., providing, “No State shall, without consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws,” it was not within fhe power of the State to levy a tax upon property which had been or was being exported. Whether the inhibition of the federal Constitution be against the levying of a tax, by way of impost or duty, upon the act alone of exporting property, we do not deem it necessary to decide in this case. It may be safely conceded that to levy a tax upon exported property, which should operate indirectly- as the laying of a duty upon the export, is as pe.rnicious as to lay it directly. We do not find the slightest evidence of a purpose on the part of the State to lay a duty on the whisky because it was exported, by imposing the tax in question. On the contrary, the tax is levied upon all personal property owned by citizens of this State, where situated (if subject at all to the taxing jurisdiction of the State), upon the sole theory that its situs for purposes of taxation is the domicile of the owner, and, as the owner resides here, and has the benefit of the protection of the laws and government of this State over his person, he should, in proportion to the wealth which attends his person, bear his share of the expense of the State government.
*72Although the taxing statutes of this State provide (section 4020, Ky. St. 1903): “All real and personal estate within this State, and all personal estate of persons residing in this State, * * * shall be subject to taxation unless the same be exempt from taxation by the Constitution” — it must be construed not to 'mean personal estate owned by persons residing in this State, but which is tangible and permanently located in other States, and employed there in the prosecution of the owner’s business. Such property, not enjoying any benefit or protection from the laws of this State, but deriving such benefit wholly from the laws of the State where situated, for which it is presumably taxed there, is not deemed within the taxing jurisdiction of this State. Union Refrigerator Tr. Co. v. Kentucky (U. S.) 26 Sup. Ct. 36, 50 L. Ed. 150. We do not apprehend that the motive of the exporter could ever safely be inquired into. For, if a State could say to such, “We find the fact to be that you are not exporting in good faith for sale, or permanent location 'of your property abroad, therefore we will tax it, notwithstanding it is export merchandise,” in that way the State could vexatiously interfere with a subject over which ■ Congress has been ceded the entire control. It is safer to treat the property exported as being thereafter within the jurisdiction of the government within whose territory it may be lodged. The whisky in the case at bar having been stored in a warehouse in Germany, where it became a part of the mass of property within the German Empire, doubtless owed a duty to pay taxes to the support of that government while there. The State of Kentucky neither had nor should attempt to exercise further jurisdiction over it for any purpose.
*73The warehousemen in Germany who issued warehouse receipts for the whisky created a distinct property in the receipts. While in a sense they represented the whisky, being its symbol for certain purposes,^ it could scarcely be maintained, for it is not true, that they stand in lieu of the whisky for all commercial purposes. Like all symbols, they are fictions; so are promissory notes, and bonds. Each is a representative or evidence of something’ else. Everywhere each has an individual value, derivative, it is true, from the thing upon which it is rested, yet is deemed distinct property. A bond is -an evidence of the promise of its maker to pay its face at a time ascertainable. Its original commercial value depends upon the value of the security supporting it, whether it be the solvency of its maker, his credit, or the hypothecation of collateral to insure its being redeemed. Its indorser may add to its original value as property by his solvency, and so forth. Yet, as so much paper, it is valueless whether for taxation or trade. It may rest for the security of its redemption upon real estate, or for that matter whisky, mortgaged, while it derives its value as a commercial asset in part, or maybe in whole from the mortgaged property, securing it, it is always and everywhere deemed property of the value which it may have in the market, and may be taxed although the property mortgaged to redeem it is beyond the taxing district, and may also be taxed where it is situated.
. A warehouse receipt partakes of some of the same features. Its original value may depend entirely on the value of the chattel it represents, and which is deemed to be in pledge to redeem it. But such receipts are generally negotiable, as bonds and bills of exchange are. Each indorser may add materially to. *74their value. They float upon the markets of the world as property, as surely as bonds are property. Whoever owns them, owns that much of assets having such value as the market affords to them, which, may be sold, hypothecated, attached for debt, and are the subject of inheritance. Like other dioses in action, their situs is that of their owner. His security and comfort given to him by government enable him to hold and enjoy them. Nor is it true that, as they are issued upon his whisky, they are in effect evidence merely of his title, as his deeds to his lands in a foreign state may be. Title deeds in this country are not such property as that they have an independent value, or a market value. The warehouseman who stores whisky becomes its bailee. He has a special property in it. He who lodged it there, exchanges it to the warehouseman for the latter’s negotiable receipts, commercial paper, promises to redeem, and, independent of the receipts, the former owner no longer has the property in the whisky, any more than the mortgagee has the property in the mortgaged chattel. We are of opinion, and without hesitation hold, that warehouse receipts, wherever issued, and whatever they may represent, are intangible personal property, whose situs for purposes of taxation is the domicile of their owner. They, may be and should be taxed at his domicile at such value as they may have had on the day fixed- by the statute for listing property generally for taxation.
“Wherefore the judgment is reversed, and cause remanded for proceedings consistent herewith.