delivered the opinion of the Court*
This is an action against the endorser ,of two promissory notes. The only question which the case presents, relates to. the sufficiency of the evidence of notice of protest.
The plaintiffs gave in evidence a protest made by a notary public which appears to be regular; it is attested by two witnesses, and bears the notary’s seal. On the same sheet is a certificate of the notary under his seal, bearing the same date *449\vith the protest, but not attested by any witness, and not pur- , , porting ever to have been recorded, m which the notary states the manner in which the endorsers were notified of the demand made upon the drawer and his failure to pay-. The written notice which he certifies was forwarded by the first mail, addressed to the defendant at his domicil in Sicily Island» was sufficient if the certificate of the notary without witnesses furnish 'sufficient legal proof of the fact-.
’*'w° wit* quired, ^ not tesq tmt*tothe certificatef ^of "h^act^of 1821.s and this act is not su~ perseded by t^th of -whfch ts^-protest ,t0, be at* tested by two ■witnesses, to be cvidc'ytcQ of notice,Under the act of 1821, concerning protest of Bills of Ex* •change and Promissory Notes, and notices, &c., such certificate would be clearly insufficient. That act' required the notaries to keep a separate book in Which they shall transcribe and record by order of dates, all the protests made by them, with mention of the notices which they have given of the same to the drawers Or endorsers, together with the names of the said drawers -and endorsers, the date of said notices, and the manner in which they were served or forwarded to the said drawers or endorsers» which declaration duly recorded under the signature of the said notary public or parish judge, and two witnesses, shall be considered and received as legal proof of said notices.
Under this statute it was held at an early period, that not only two witnesses were required to the protest itself, but to the record of the certificate.—5 Martin N. S. 511.
The act of 1827-, amendatory of the one above mentioned, under which it is contended this certificate is valid and sufficient, enacts that notaries are authorized in their protests to , make mention of the demand made upon the drawers, acceptor, or person on whom such order or bill of exchange is drawn or given, and of the manner and circumstances of such de* mand, “and by certificate added to such protest to state the x manner in which any notices of protest to drawers and endorsers, &c., were served or forwarded; and whenever they shall have so done, a certified copy of such protest and certificate shall be evidence cf all the matters therein stated.” Acts of 1827, page 76.
*450This is the first occasion within our knowledge upon which a simple certificate of the notary without the attestation of witnesses and never recorded, has been presented as evidence of notice to endorsers under the statute. Its sufficiency de' pends upon the question, whether the act of 1827 repeals that of 1821, in this respect. In the case of Whittemore vs. Leak and Howell; 14 La. Rep. 394; the question was raised by the counsel, but we held that in as much as the copy of the certificate of notice in that case exhibited the names of two attesting witnesses, we would presume they had signed the original, and that consequently it was not necessary to decide how far the statute of 1821 had been repealed or modified by that of 1827.
There is clearly no express repeal. The 4th section declares that all acts and parts of acts contrary to the purport of this act be, and the same are hereby repealed. This repealing clause does no more than announce the well known principle of law, that when the provisions of two statutes are contrary to, or irreconcilable with each other, the prior is abrogated by the posterior one. May not these two statutes well stand together? and are we not bound to regard the provisions of the latter as cumulative? If we were to say that the attestation of two witnesses may be dispensed with as to the certificate of notices, the same reason applies to dispense with them in the body of the protest as to demand of the acceptor or maker. The act of 1827 makes no mention of witnesses in either case. But it speaks of a protest, and a protest according to the existing law necessarily applies the presence of witnesses as indispensable. A certificate added to a protest is not necessarily a separate act, it may be and by the practice of some notaries, frequently is a continuation of the same act of protest so that the same witnesses may attest both. It is true that no law requires the notices to be given simultaneous^ with the protest, and the certificate of notices is necessarily subsequent in point of time, but there are obvious reasons for requiring the attestation of witnesses to the certificate, even if the re*451cording be dispensed with, as a check upon the notaiy and to prevent him. from, adding a certificate afterwards and an ted at-ing it. It appears to ns that the two statutes must be taken ° _ and construed as laws in pari materia; and we cannot suppose that the legislature intended to give to the simple naked certificate of a notaiy the effect of full proof, and to dispense not only with the recording by order of dates of the protests of notaries, but at the same time with the attestation of witnesses to the certificate. Such a practice would leave parties at the mercy of a notary, who cannot be permitted as a witness to contradict his own act. We are confirmed in this view of the case, by what we believe to be the general practice under that statute since its enactment, and in matters of commercial usage; it is dangerous to innovate too lightly until the legislature shall declare that such certificates shall suffice, we cannot sanction a deviation from what we consider a legal form.
The original protest and certificate were given in evidence and accompany the transcript. It is shown, that the certificate is not in the handwriting of the notary, though signed by him; and that after his death, the parish judge, in making an inventory of his estate, found no book of record of protests or certificates of notices; and that he was careless in his mode of doing business as a notary. It appears, that he kept no memorandum of such transactions, except very short and vague ones, for the purpose of getting paid for his protests. None of the cases cited by the counsel for the appellee, appear to us to sustain him. In the case of Bullard vs. Wilson, 5 Martin, N. S., 196, the notary was sworn as a witness. The memorandum made by him was per se a mere nullity, and was used only to refresh the memory of the witnesses. Notice must be shown either by testimony under oath, or by an official certificate in strict compliance with legal forms.
It is therefore adjudged and decreed, that the judgment of the District Court be avoided and reversed, and that ours be for the defendant as in the case of a non-suit, with costs in both courts.