Plaintiff claims of the city of New Orleans $525 for this, to wit: that on the 19th day of January, 1855, the city of New Orleans exacted from petitioner $500 as a tax on the profession he exercised during the year 1854, and $25, amount of railroad tax; that this tax was not legally due, but was paid through mistake and error of law, without any consideration or obligation.
The answer is a general denial, and an averment that plaintiff was bound to contribute to the legal government for protection received. Judgment was rendered for plaintiff, and the city has appealed.
Plaintiff relies on the case of the City of New Orleans v. Southern Bank, 11 An. 41, to show the illegality of this tax.
In that case it was decided that its stock could be taxed at the same rate as other personal property, but not in any other manner, and therefore that the calling, business or profession of the Southern Bank could not be taxed.
The only question, then, is whether a tax paid on a profession exempt from taxation can be reclaimed as mone3r paid in error.
We will refer to a few cases in which reclamations were made for money alleged to have been paid in error, and then deduce from them and the law in general the principles which govern suits for the recovery of money paid in error for taxes.
In the case of the Catholic Society v. New Orleans, 10 An. 75, it is decided that the exemption of the society by law from payment of taxes on its property, repels the idea of anything like a natural obligation on the part of the plaintiff for their payment, and this decision is based on Articles 2280 and 2281 of the Civil Code: “He who has paid through mistake, believing himself a *422debtor, may reclaim what he has paid. To acquire this right, it is necessary that the thing paid be not due in any manner, either civilly or naturally. A natural obligation to pay will be sufficient to prevent the recovery.”
The court in this case also say; “If these institutions merited the protection and encouragement of the State government, it is difficult to perceive how any natural obligation could possibly exist on their part for the payment of taxes from which they were exempted. Vide Ligon v. New Orleans Navigation Co., 2 L. R. 129.
In the case of Worsley v. Second Municipality of New Orleans, 9 Rob. 325, this court refused to compel defendant to refund money alleged to have been paid in error, on the ground that if the Act of 1808 did not authorize the Municipality to exact the wharfage dues, yet the corporation had, at their own expense, conferred upon the growing commerce of the counti-y an immense advantage ; that the money was voluntarily paid, and plaintiffs derived advantage and profit from those expenditures for the wharves and levees, which the city was under no legal obligation to furnish, to the extent, at least, that they now exist.
They knew when they paid that it was in the nature of a remuneration for the use of the wharves; there was a natural obligation to pay, and equity forbids that they should recover it back.
In the case of Hills v. Kernion, 7 Rob. 523, this court refused to cause defendant to refund money as paid in error, on the ground that equity forbidding that plaintiffs should profit by the labor of the defendants without remuneration, and the consideration for which the extra compensation was paid not being immoral or unjust, there was a natural obligation on the part of the plaintiffs to pay, and that no action will lie to recover back the amount.
In the case of W. Z. Campbell v. City of New Orleans, ante, p. 34, the decision of this court, refusing to compel the city to refund a tax alleged to have been paid in error, was based on the ground that the obligation of plaintiff to pay the tax subsisted in conscience and according to natural justice, because it was neither immoral nor unjust, although informally contracted. In this case there was a mere informality in the imposition of the tax, but Campbell had derived benefit from the expenses incurred by the city for his benefit and protection, and it had the abstract prerogative to impose taxes upon the property assessed. Vide City of New Orleans v. Phillippi, 9 An. 44.
It was then just for him to pay it. There was a natural obligation on his part to assist in the support of the expenses of the city, and the latter could not then be condemned to refund the tax.
In this suit the court also say: “The case would present quite a different aspect if the tax had been paid upon property not subject to taxation at all.”
In Jamison v. City of New Orleans, ante, p. 346, the plaintiff had been assessed $400 for the opening of Benton street. In that case the city had been at expense in opening it for the benefit of the property holders contiguous to it. Jamison having paid the assessment without objection, and it being- really just and equitable that he should contribute a part of the expenses, he was then under a natural obligation to pay it, and this court decided that he could not recover.
We deduce from the preceding cases and the law in general the following principles which ought to govern suits instituted for the recovery of money paid in error for taxes, to wit: Although a corporation could not enforce the *423payment of a tax if resisted at law, yet if the party has paid it he cannot recover it hack under the following circumstances:
1st. Where the tax is on property, whether exempt from general taxation or not, and where the assessment may rather be considered a toll or contribution than a tax, and where the party derives a direct benefit from the improvements made by an imposition of a tax or assessment, as, for example, in the case of the opening of a street — the benefit to the property holders in its vicinity — the party cannot then recover back his money, because as he enjoys a direct advantage from' its expenditure, it is not equitable that he should have both the benefit and the money. There is a natural obligation on him to pay, therefore he cannot recover it.
We have said above that the party cannot recover in the preceding state of facts, even if his property is exempt from general taxation, and this is just, for although his property may not be subject to general and public taxes to be assessed and collected for the benefit of the town, county or State at large, yet it is liable to such assessments as are intended and directed to be made upon the owners of lots and lands, or other property which may receive benefit and advantage by the improvement; and this distinction was held by the Supreme Court of the State of New York, in the case of a religious association which was there exempt from taxation under the general law exempting churches from taxation, and it was held liable for an assessment for the opening of a street. 11 Johnson, 80; Worsley v. The Second Municipality of New Orleans, 9 Rob. 335.
1 2d. The party cannot recover back his money where the property was liable to taxation, and the illegality of the tax depends upon some informality either as to the time of the enactment of the law imposing it, the mode of promulgation or any other error relative to its passage. This is also just, because there is a natural obligation on every citizen to contribute to the support of his government.
3d. When the tax is imposed, not for the direct benefit of the party who sues to recover it back as paid in error, but for the general support of the commonwealth; and when it is levied on property or on a profession exempt by law from taxation, then the money must be refunded, because as the legislative power did not deem it requisite to tax such property or profession for its support, then the taxation thereof was unnecessary for the purpose of defraying the expenses o.f the State. It would not then be just to force a party to pay what was not needed, and in this case, if a party has paid a tax he can recover it back, because there was no natural obligation on him to pay to the State what was not necessary to its support; in other words, he was under no obligation to make it donations.
As the Bank of New Orleans has paid a tax on its profession from which it was exempt by law, defendant is bound to refund the money.
It is, therefore, ordered, adjudged and decreed, that the judgment of the lower court be affirmed, with costs.
Spoefokd, J., recused himself, being a stockholder in the bank. Buchanan, J., took no part in this decision.