This action was instituted in behalf of the State, under
the provisions of the act of October 15, 18G8, and a judgment was asked decreeing the defendant to be a usurper of, and intruder into, tho office of Parish Judge of St. Landry, and ordering him to deliver tiie office, with its appurtenances, to Joim Arnrcin, who was made a party plaintiff.
The petition alleges that the defendant unlawfully holds the office, being prohibited therefrom by the provisions of the fourteenth amendment of the Constitution of the United States; and by the provisions of an act of Congress of J une 25, 18G8, admitting the State of Louisiana to representation in Congress ; it being averred that he took an oath as a judicial officer [of the State] to support the Constitution of tho United States, and subsequently engaged in insurrection and rebellion against the same and gave aid and comfort to tho enemies thereof. It was also alleged that he had forfeited his office and the same had become vacant by his failure to file in the office of the Secretary of State the oath of eligibility prescribed by act No. 39 of the statutes of 1868.
The defendant answered by a general denial; asserted that he was qualified to hold the office and had been duly elected and commissioned, and denied that Amrein had ever been legally appointed or qualified.
After a trial upon tiie merits, the Court gave judgment for plaintiff, and the defendant has appealed.
The evidence in the case is chiefly documentary, and it appears that tiie defendant hold tho office of Parish Judge before the late rebellion, and, as such, took an oath to support the Constitution of the United States; that on the seventh November, 18GJ, he was appointed clerk of the District Court for tho parish of St. Landry to fill a vacancy, and that he held the office for some years thereafter. The first question that arises in the caso, then, is, in the language of the plaintiffs’ briefs
*685“■ Was holding the office of clerk of the District Court ill the parish of St. Landry, during the rebellion, and under the authority and jurisdiction of a State acknowledged as one of the Confederate States of America, after having held the office of Parish Judge ‘ engaging in insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or giving aid and comfort to the enemies thereof?’ ”
In solving so doubtful and delicate a‘question as this, we must not be unmindful of the complicated nature of modern civilization. The State is not a tribe of barbarians, who may be engaged in a rude agriculture to-day and transformed in toto to a band of warriors to-morrow. The necessities of civil life will still exist in a civilized society no matter how extensive and desolating may be the ravages of war. Property must be bought and sold, offenders against the criminal laws must be arrested and punished, private rights must often be adjudicated, successions must be opened, the claims of heirs, minors and married women must be ascertained and protected; and therefore, it might well be that in the parish of St. Landry, during the late rebellion, the office of a clerk of court might exist as a necessity without the discharge of its duties being considered in any enlightened view an engaging in insurrection or rebellion, or giving aid and comfort to tho enemies of the United States. If, in 1861, every citizen of this parish, except those who were absent in the rebel army, had been a devoted friend of the United States, would it have been their duty to refrain from holding these minor local offices, and by leaving them vacant allow society to relapse into a chaotic condition ? We think not. On the contrary, we apprehend that there could be nothing in the discharge of the legal duties of such offices that could be considered as taking part for or agaiust, or giving aid or comfort to, either one side or the other in the great controversy. And in the special case before us wo are constrained to think that jf the defendant confined himself to his legitimate duties as clerk (and there is no evidence that lie did not), the fact that he held the office simply would not go to disqualify him under the act of Congress of June 25, 1868, admitting Louisiana to representation, and the fourteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
If, in legislative, or other official capacity, he had been engaged in the furtherance of the unlawful purposes of the insurgents, when the duties of his office necessarily had relation to the support of the rebellion ; if he had held a position created for the purpose of more effectually carrying on hostilities, or whose duties appertained to the support of the rebel cause; or if he had in some way misused the office ho did hold to forward the designs of the enemies of the United States; the caso would have been very different. But, so far as we are advised by the record, he performed only clerical duties, such as belonged to a state of peace, and were designed to preserve civil order and administer civil law. . .
*686The point that the defendant has forfeited the office ho now holds by failing to file an oath of eligibility as required by tho act No. 39 of the laws of 1868, has already been settled adversely to the claims of plaintiffs by the decision rendered lately at Monroe in the case of Downes v. Towne, and is not now insisted upon by counsel.
We are of opinion that the plaintiffs have failed to establish their case by sufficient evidence.
It is therefore ordered and adjudged that tho judgment appealed from be avoided and reversed, and the suit dismissed at the costs of the co-plaintiff, John Amrein.