Tlio opinion of tho court was delivered by
Manning, C. J.Tho plaintiff sues as a corporation established under the act of the General Assembly of this State of 1855 (Revised Statutes of 1870, sections 275 et seq.,) authorizing free banking, and seeks to recover over eleven thousand dollars from George T. Converse and the sureties on his bond, given for tlio faithful performance of his duties as book-keeper and paying teller of plaintiff, which sum, it is alleged, Converse has applied to Ills own use.
Sundry exceptions wore pteadod by the defendants, viz.: that tho free banking aot, under which plaintiff claims to be organized, does not provide for an association of individuals for the purpose of private banking, but only for the creation of xrablic banks of circulation, controlled by the Auditor and Treasurer of the State, and that the organization of plaintiff was not made under that act, and could not be, but was made under another act providing- generally lrow corporations can bo created, which latter expressly prohibits such corporations from engaging in banking-business of any kind. Ibid, section 677 et seq.
*370That the free banking act imposes certain essential conditions upon those who seek to form a corporation under it, and that plaintiff lias not complied with those enumerated, which are, that there must be mention and description of a corporate seal, and plaintiff’s articles of association omit it; that the existence of free banks is limited by that law to twenty years, and plaintiff’s articles provide for twenty-five years duration; that those articles do not specify the numbers of shares held by each stockholder, which that law requires; that these articles were not deposited in the office of the Auditor, nor in that of the recorder of mortgages, and neither of these requirements can be dispensed with.
That the act under which plaintiff claims to derive its existence was inoperative at the time of its creation, because suspended by the act of Congress which authorized the issue of United States notes, and that neither at the date of its creation, nor at any other time, did plaintiff have any corporate existence, and therefore it could not, as a corporation, enter into a contract, or bind others by a contract.
There are other exceptions which cover all the distinctive features of the act, but it is not necessary to specify them further.
There can be no doubt that the plaintiff has mistaken its paternity. If it derives its existence from the free banking law, then it has not complied with the conditions which that law prescribes as essential to its vitality as a corporation, and those conditions are precedent. It does not begin to live until they are fulfilled. If it derives its existence from the general incorporation act, then it is without tlio power to engage in banking business, and it was while engaged in that business that it made the contract for the violation of which a judgment is now demanded against the defendants. It is impaled on either horn of the dilemma.
The plaintiff meets these objections with the rejoinder that the defendant, George Converse, accepted the position of paying toller from it, and is, therefore, precluded from denying its corporate capacity under the free banking law, and the other defendants became his sureties to a bond for tlio faithful discharge of his duties, and it does not lie in their mouths to dispute or deny an authority which they admitted to exist by signing the bond. But here the law interposes its inexorable mandate. Corporations unauthorized by law, or by an act of tlio Legislature, enjoy no public character, and can not appear in a court of justice, except in the individual names of all the members who compose them, and not as political bodies, although these corporations may acquire and possess estates and have common interests as well as other private societies. Civil Code, article 437, new No. 446.
The plaintiff can not, therefore, sue as a political body. It can not appear in a court of justice, except in the individual names of all the members who compose it. It has sued by a name and in a manner which it is not *371empowered to do, and it has not sued in the names and manner in which it is empowered to do. It follows that the exceptions were well taken to the present action, but its right to institute another suit, such as the law does authorize, should be reserved. The lower court so ruled, and therefore
It is ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the judgment of the lower court is affirmed with costs.