United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
No. 94-7053.
Toni FLEMING and Sherrye Alexander, Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
BOEING COMPANY d.b.a. Boeing Defense and Space Group; Bob Philyaw, individually and
in his official capacity, Defendants-Appellees.
Aug. 25, 1997.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama. (No. CV93-H-
2224-NE), James H. Hancock, Judge.
Before TJOFLAT and COX, Circuit Judges, and CLARK, Senior Circuit Judge.
TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge:
I.
This is an employment discrimination case which was resolved in favor of the employer on
summary judgment. The employees contend that material issues of fact remain to be litigated on
their Title VII claims and ask that we remand the case for further proceedings. We find no material
issues of fact and therefore affirm the district court's judgment.
This appeal actually involves two discrete cases. The first was brought by Toni Fleming,
a full-time secretary for the Boeing Company. The question presented by her appeal is whether she
has made out a case of sexual harassment. She contends that a Boeing engineer, Bobby Philyaw,
touched her and "gazed" at her, that she complained to her superior, and that Boeing did not act
quickly enough to eliminate the problem.1 Fleming seeks compensatory and punitive damages for
the period of her employment in which she was subjected to such harassment.
The second case was brought by Sherrye Alexander; she joined Fleming's case as a plaintiff
when the district court granted her leave to do so. Alexander came to Boeing in 1989 as an
1
Appellants' amended complaint named both Boeing and Philyaw as defendants. The district
court dismissed all Title VII claims against Philyaw on the ground that he is not the appellants'
employer, and therefore cannot be liable under Title VII. The appellants do not appeal this
dismissal.
employee of Tempforce, a company that provided secretarial services on a temporary basis.
Alexander left Boeing in November 1991 and is currently employed by the Department of the Army.
She claims that, while she was at Boeing, she also was subjected to sexual harassment by Philyaw;
he touched her, "gazed" at her, and made inappropriate remarks to her. In addition, she contends
that Boeing rejected her application for a full-time secretarial position because she had complained
about Philyaw's conduct. As remedies for the harassment and the rejection of her application,
Alexander seeks an order requiring Boeing to employ her in the position she sought and a money
judgment for back pay and compensatory and punitive damages.
Title VII forbids an employer from "discriminat[ing] against any individual with respect to
his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's race,
color, religion, sex, or national origin." 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1) (1994). Sexual harassment is a
form of sexual discrimination within the meaning of Title VII. See, e.g., Meritor Sav. Bank v.
Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 65-67, 106 S.Ct. 2399, 2404-05, 91 L.Ed.2d 49 (1986). Two types of sexual
harassment are prohibited by Title VII: quid pro quo harassment and hostile work environment
harassment. See Steele v. Offshore Shipbuilding, Inc., 867 F.2d 1311, 1315 (11th Cir.1989). The
district court held, and appellants do not dispute, that there was no evidence in the record of quid
pro quo sexual harassment. The appellants' claims on appeal are thus confined to allegations of
hostile work environment sexual harassment.
"Hostile environment sexual harassment occurs when an employer's conduct "has the
purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual's work performance or creating an
intimidating, hostile, or offensive environment.' " Id. at 1315 (quoting Vinson, 477 U.S. at 65, 106
S.Ct. at 2405). Title VII is violated "[w]hen the workplace is permeated with "discriminatory
intimidation, ridicule, and insult' that is "sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of
the victim's employment and create an abusive working environment.' " Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc.,
510 U.S. 17, 21, 114 S.Ct. 367, 370, 126 L.Ed.2d 295 (1993) (quoting Vinson, 477 U.S. at 65, 67,
106 S.Ct. at 2405). The harassing conduct must create both an objectively hostile or abusive
2
environment—one "that a reasonable person would find hostile or abusive"—and a subjectively
hostile or abusive environment—one that "the victim ... subjectively perceive[s] ... to be abusive."
Id. at 21-22, 114 S.Ct. at 370.
With these principles in mind, we turn to the appellants' respective cases, commencing with
Fleming's.
II.
A.
Fleming, who is black, has worked at Boeing as a secretary since 1985. In July of 1992, she
was transferred by Boeing from the Space Station Freedom Program to the Systems Engineering
Requirements Group (the "Group"). After beginning work in the Group, Fleming alleges that she
was told by several secretaries that Philyaw, an engineer in the Group, had a "thing for black
women." Fleming then began to document Philyaw's conduct, and her diary notes show that during
September and October of 1992, Philyaw massaged her shoulders, pinched her arm, and touched and
rubbed her hands. In late September or early October, Fleming asked Philyaw to stop touching her.
After having this conversation with Philyaw, Fleming met with Chuck Homan, Philyaw's supervisor.
She told Homan that she was uncomfortable with Philyaw touching her and that she had discussed
the situation with Philyaw. Homan informed Fleming that if anything further happened, she should
tell him and also report any further incidents to Boeing's EEO officer.
In January 1993, in the course of investigating another employee's complaint2 against
Philyaw, Eve MacCrone, Boeing's EEO officer, interviewed Fleming. Fleming told MacCrone that
she, too, was uncomfortable with Philyaw touching her and looking at her. MacCrone's
investigation resulted in Philyaw's demotion (and consequent reduction in salary), and in a written
warning being placed in Philyaw's personnel file. Fleming was also assigned to a different
supervisor. She had no further problems with Philyaw.
2
Elizabeth Craig, a secretary at Boeing, complained that Philyaw had been excessively
complimentary to her and had stared at her.
3
The only issue on appeal is whether the district court was correct in holding that Fleming's
evidence of hostile work environment sexual harassment was not sufficient to withstand Boeing's
motion for summary judgment.3 The district court found that "the actions of Philyaw [were] not ...
severe or pervasive enough to create an objectively abusive or hostile work environment," and that
"Fleming [had] not shown that a reasonable person would find the alleged acts offensive." Because
Fleming failed to show that she could prove one element of her hostile environment sexual
harassment claim under Title VII, the district court granted summary judgment to Boeing on
Fleming's Title VII claim. On appeal, Fleming argues that the district court misconstrued the
"severe and pervasive" requirement and that the court therefore erred when it granted summary
judgment in favor of Boeing. Boeing responds that the district court was correct in finding that
Fleming did not adduce evidence sufficient to show an objectively hostile work environment. In the
alternative, Boeing contends that, even if Fleming's proof was sufficient to withstand summary
judgment on the objectively hostile work environment requirement, she cannot show that Boeing
was somehow responsible for the actions of Philyaw, and her Title VII claim against Boeing fails.
We agree. Even if we were to decide that Philyaw's conduct was sufficiently "severe or
pervasive" to create a hostile work environment, Fleming presented no evidence that Boeing is
directly or indirectly liable for Philyaw's actions. We conclude, therefore, that the district court was
correct in granting summary judgment to Boeing on Fleming's claims.
B.
An employer can be either directly or indirectly liable for its employee's sexual harassment
of another employee. Direct liability lies when the employer "knew, or upon reasonably diligent
inquiry should have known, of the harassment and failed to take immediate and appropriate
3
Fleming argued before the district court that she had been the victim of both sexual and
racial discrimination at Boeing. Her complaint to the Equal Opportunity Employment
Commission ("EEOC"), however, made no mention of racial discrimination, and the district
court found that any such claim was time barred. Fleming does not appeal this finding, and
therefore the only issue on appeal is whether her Title VII hostile environment sexual harassment
claim survives Boeing's motion for summary judgment.
4
corrective action." Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 111 F.3d 1530, 1535 (11th Cir.1997) (en banc).4
An employer is indirectly liable for hostile environment sexual harassment in two situations: "(1)
when a harasser is acting within the scope of his employment in perpetrating the harassment; and
(2) when a harasser is acting outside the scope of his employment, but is aided in accomplishing the
harassment by the existence of the [employment] relationship." Id. at 1536 (citations omitted). The
harasser acts within the scope of his employment only when he takes the harassing actions to
accomplish one of the employer's objectives or when the employer "explicitly or implicitly
authorized ... such harassment." Id. at 1537. The harasser is aided by the existence of the
employment "only if the harassment is accomplished by an instrumentality of the [employment] or
through conduct associated with the [employment]." Id. (citing Sparks v. Pilot Freight Carriers,
Inc., 830 F.2d 1554, 1560 (11th Cir.1987)(holding that where the harasser threatened to fire his
victim, the harassment was aided by the existence of the employment)).
In this case, Boeing cannot be indirectly liable for Philyaw's alleged harassment of Fleming.
Philyaw's behavior toward Fleming cannot be seen as an attempt to accomplish any of Boeing's
objectives and there is no indication that Boeing authorized the harassment. Philyaw was therefore
acting outside the scope of his employment. In addition, Philyaw never used any authority conferred
on him in order to accomplish the harassment; consequently, Philyaw's actions were not aided by
the existence of his employment relationship with Boeing.
If Boeing is liable for Philyaw's conduct, it is liable directly because it either knew or should
have known of the harassment and "failed to take immediate and appropriate corrective action." Id.
at 1535. We conclude that Boeing is not liable under this standard. Boeing knew of Philyaw's
4
Our decisions both before and after Faragher have defined the employer's duty to act as a
duty to take "prompt remedial action." See e.g., Huddleston v. Roger Dean Chevrolet, 845 F.2d
900, 904 (11th Cir.1988); Reynolds v. CSX Transp., Inc., 115 F.3d F.3d 860, 866 (11th
Cir.1997) (per curiam). We therefore believe that the standard enunciated in Faragher,
"immediate and appropriate corrective action," imposes the same duty to act, despite the
different terminology.
5
conduct in September 1992, when Fleming complained to Homan.5 Homan told Fleming that he
would talk to Philyaw and that Fleming should notify both Homan and MacCrone, Boeing's EEO
officer, if she had further problems. Fleming never told either that she had any further problems
until MacCrone contacted Fleming in January 1993 to inquire whether Fleming had any complaints
about Philyaw. Fleming told MacCrone that she did. As a result of MacCrone's investigation of
these charges, Philyaw was demoted, his pay was decreased, and Fleming was assigned to a different
supervisor. She testified that she had no further problems with Philyaw. We conclude that Boeing's
actions constituted immediate and appropriate corrective action and that therefore Boeing is not
liable for Fleming's claim.
III.
A.
Alexander, who is also black, was assigned by Tempforce to Boeing from 1989 to 1991. The
acts giving rise to her claims against Boeing occurred after she was assigned to the Group on June
18, 1991. While working in the Group, Alexander had occasion to perform secretarial work for
Philyaw. She alleges that between June 19 and July 13, 1991, and again in August 1991, Philyaw
sexually harassed her by "persistent unwelcome touching," "leering at [her] for long periods of time
in a manner which made her feel as though she was naked," telling her that she was a "beautiful
black creature," and making references to kissing her and lying in bed with her.
In July 1991, Alexander asked Philyaw to stop touching her, and Philyaw apologized. She
also complained to Charlotte Sherwin, her supervisor at Tempforce, about Philyaw's conduct.
Sherwin then called an employment manager at Boeing, Diane Beckum, to report Alexander's
complaint. Beckum contacted Alexander and asked Alexander if she would like to speak with
5
A plaintiff can show that the corporation knew of the alleged harassment "by showing she
complained to higher management." Faragher, 111 F.3d at 1538. We will assume that Homan
qualifies as higher management. If Homan does not qualify as higher management, then Boeing
did not know of Philyaw's actions until January 1993, when Boeing's EEO officer contacted
Fleming.
6
Beckum about Philyaw's conduct, but she declined, telling Beckum that the situation was better
since she had spoken to Philyaw.
In August 1991, after Philyaw "jabbed and tickled" her, Alexander complained to MacCrone
about Philyaw's conduct. MacCrone investigated Alexander's complaint, and met with Philyaw and
his supervisor, Vance Moore. MacCrone set up a meeting between Alexander, Philyaw, and Moore,
and during this meeting Philyaw again apologized to Alexander. Philyaw was issued a verbal
warning following the meeting, and Alexander was reassigned so that she no longer reported to him.
Shortly thereafter, Alexander applied for a permanent position at Boeing without success. On
November 8, 1991, Alexander left Boeing for a job with the United States Army.
The district court found that Alexander failed to file a timely charge of sexual harassment
with the EEOC, and that her cause of action under Title VII was time barred. We decline to reach
this issue because we find that, even if Alexander's EEOC charge was timely filed, Alexander has
failed to make out a prima facie case of harassment for the purposes of Title VII.
B.
A threshold issue, but one that we need not decide here, is whether Boeing was Alexander's
employer within the meaning of Title VII. Because Alexander was essentially a contract employee,
it is arguable whether Boeing can be considered her employer for the purposes of Title VII liability.
See Reynolds, 115 F.3d at 869 n. 12 (explaining test for determining whether a defendant is a
plaintiff's employer). We assume without deciding that Boeing was Alexander's employer at the
time the alleged sexual harassment took place.
Alexander's sexual harassment case, however, fails for the same reasons her co-appellant's
case fails. Boeing is not indirectly liable for Philyaw's conduct because that conduct was not within
the scope of his employment or aided by the existence of his employment. Boeing is not directly
liable to Alexander because it took immediate and appropriate corrective action. Immediately after
Alexander's Tempforce supervisor informed Beckum that Alexander had a problem with Philyaw,
Beckum contacted Alexander about this complaint. Alexander declined to proceed with a complaint.
7
When she complained to MacCrone one month later, MacCrone immediately investigated
Alexander's complaint. As a result of this investigation, Philyaw was given a verbal warning and
Alexander was transferred to a different group. Philyaw did not harass Alexander after this
disciplinary action. Boeing's response to Alexander's complaint constituted immediate and
appropriate corrective action and Boeing is not liable to Alexander under Title VII.
Alexander also has failed to make out a case of retaliation—that she was denied permanent
employment at Boeing because she complained about Philyaw's conduct.6 In order to establish a
prima facie case of retaliation prohibited by Title VII, the plaintiff must show "(1) that there was a
statutorily protected participation; (2) that an adverse employment action occurred; and (3) that
there was a causal link between the participation and the adverse employment action." Bigge v.
Albertsons, Inc., 894 F.2d 1497, 1501 (11th Cir.1990) (per curiam). Alexander fails to present
evidence sufficient to establish the causation issue.
Boeing requires applicants for permanent secretarial positions to take and pass a typing test
given by the State of Alabama; if the applicant fails the test, he or she will not be considered for a
permanent secretarial job at Boeing. Alexander does not dispute that she failed the test; nor does
she present any evidence that Boeing has ever hired an applicant for a secretarial position who failed
the typing test. Alexander therefore fails to present sufficient evidence to create a material issue of
fact as to whether Boeing refused to hire her because of her complaints about Philyaw; as a result,
summary judgment was properly entered in favor of Boeing on Alexander's retaliation claim.
In summary, we find that appellants have failed to present evidence sufficient to support their
Title VII claims and therefore affirm the judgment of the district court.
AFFIRMED.
6
Title VII's anti-retaliation provision, 42 U.S.C.2000(e)3(a), provides that "[i]t shall be an
unlawful employment practice for an employer to discriminate against any of his employees or
applicants for employment ... because he has opposed any practice made unlawful by [42 U.S.C.
§ 2000(e) ], or because he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in
an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this subchapter."
8