United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
No. 95-8502.
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
John M. LONG, Jr., Defendant-Appellant.
Sept. 16, 1997.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia. (No. 1:94-CR-
386-ODE), Orinda D. Evans, Judge.
Before TJOFLAT and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges, and NANGLE*, Senior Circuit Judge.
TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge:
Following a plea of guilty to a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1791 (1994),1 the district court
sentenced the appellant, John Long, to a term of imprisonment and imposed a fine. He appeals his
sentence, challenging both the term of imprisonment and the fine. We find no error in the
imposition of the fine, but conclude that Long's challenge to his prison term has merit. We therefore
vacate that portion of his sentence and remand the case for further proceedings.
I.
The parties do not dispute the facts of this case. While employed as a food service foreman
in the United States Penitentiary-Atlanta, Long was arrested while attempting to carry 85.1 grams
of cocaine into the prison. A two-count indictment charged him with possession with intent to
distribute a narcotic controlled substance in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841 (1994) ("Count I"), and
*
Honorable John F. Nangle, Senior U.S. District Judge for the Eastern District of Missouri,
sitting by designation.
1
Section 1791, "Providing or possessing contraband in prison," states, in pertinent part,
(a) Offense.—Whoever—
(1) in violation of a statute or a rule or order issued under a statute,
provides to an inmate of a prison a prohibited object, or attempts to do so ... shall
be punished as provided in subsection (b) of this section.
18 U.S.C. 1791 (1994).
with attempting to provide cocaine to an inmate in a federal prison in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1791
(1994) ("Count II"). Pursuant to a negotiated plea agreement, Long pled guilty to Count II, and
Count I was dismissed. A Presentence Investigation Report ("PSR") was prepared.
According to the PSR, Long's base offense level was prescribed by United States Sentencing
Commission, Guidelines Manual, § 2P1.2 (Nov. 1, 1994). In determining Long's offense level, the
PSR recommended an enhancement of two points for abuse of a position of trust under section
3B1.3,2 and recommended a reduction of three points for acceptance of responsibility under section
3E1.1. The PSR also found that Long was able to pay a fine. Given Long's criminal history category
of I, these recommendations yielded an offense level of 25, a sentence range of 57 to 71 months
imprisonment, and a fine range of $10,000 to $100,000.
Long objected to the PSR's recommendation of a section 3B1.3 enhancement and to the
PSR's finding that he was able to pay a fine. On April 13, 1995, the district court, however, adopted
the PSR's guideline computation and sentence range. The court sentenced Long to 57 months of
imprisonment and three years of supervised release, imposed a fine of $2,000, and ordered him to
pay a special assessment of $50.3
II.
The parties do not dispute that the starting point for determining Long's offense level is
section 2P1.2. That guideline states:
§ 2P1.2. Providing or Possessing Contraband in Prison
(a) Base Offense Level:
2
Section 3B1.3 provides, in relevant part:
If the defendant abused a position of public or private trust ... in a manner that
significantly facilitated the commission ... of the offense, increase by 2 levels.
This adjustment may not be employed if an abuse of trust ... is included in the
base offense level or specific offense characteristic.
U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3 (1994).
3
Long does not challenge the special assessment.
2
(1) 23, if the object was a firearm or destructive device.
(2) 13, if the object was a weapon (other than a firearm or a destructive device), any
object that might be used as a weapon or as a means of facilitating escape, ammunition,
LSD, PCP, or a narcotic drug.
(3) 6, if the object was an alcoholic beverage, United States of foreign currency, or
a controlled substance (other than LSD, PCP, or a narcotic drug).
(4) 4, if the object was any other object that threatened the order, discipline, or
security of the institution or the life, health, or safety of an individual.
(b) Specific Offense Characteristic
(1) If the defendant was a law enforcement or correctional officer or employee, or
an employee of the Department of Justice, at the time of the offense, increase by 2 levels.
(c) Cross Reference
(1) If the defendant is convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 1791(a)(1) and is punishable
under 18 U.S.C. § 1791(b)(1), the offense level is 2 plus the offense level from § 2D1.1, but
in no event less than level 26.
U.S.S.G. § 2P1.2 (1994).
The parties also agree that subsection (c) applies to Long because he was convicted under
section 1791(a)(1) and was punishable under section 1791(b)(1). See U.S.S.G. § 2P1.2(c)(1). The
parties do not dispute that the court must therefore look to the drug quantity table found in section
2D1.1, which provides a base offense level of 16 for Long. See generally U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(12)
(providing a base offense level of 16 for unlawfully possessing with intent to distribute "[a]t least
50 G but less than 100 G of Cocaine.")
At this point, the parties' readings of the guidelines diverge. Long argues that the district
court erred in applying the enhancement for abuse of trust under section 3B1.3 for three reasons.
First, he argues, the application of the special offense characteristic under section 2P1.2(b) precluded
the 3B1.3 enhancement. Second, the guidelines required the court to make all adjustments under
Chapter Three of the Guidelines to the level prescribed by the drug quantity table before it
determined whether that level exceeded the minimum level of 26 provided in section 2P1.2(c).
Finally, Long argues that he did not occupy a "position of trust," and therefore the 3B1.3
enhancement did not apply to him. The Government responds that the district court properly
3
computed Long's offense level by finding, first, that his base offense level was 26 because the level
determined from section 2D1.1(c)(12) was less than 26, and then applying the Chapter Three
adjustments (under sections 3B1.3 and 3E1.1) to that base offense level to reach an offense level of
25.
A.
Long first argues that the court cannot apply a 3B1.3 enhancement to him because it has
already applied section 2P1.2(b)(1) to him. Section 1B1.1(b) instructs the sentencing court to
"[d]etermine the base offense level and apply any appropriate specific offense characteristics
contained in the particular guideline in Chapter Two in the order listed." U.S.S.G. § S 1B1.1(b)
(emphasis added). Long argues that this instruction required the sentencing court to apply
subsections 2P1.2(a) and (b) before it applied subsection 2P1.2(c). Long then points to the
application note for section 2P1.2, which provides that a court shall not make a section 3B1.3
enhancement where it has already made an enhancement under section 2P1.2(b)(1). See U.S.S.G.
§ 2P1.2, comment. (n.1). Thus, Long contends, the district court erred in applying a 3B1.3
enhancement.
Long's interpretation of these sections would have merit in light of the application note cited
supra, but for the fact that section 2P1.2(b) simply has not been applied to him. The PSR clearly
recommended no enhancement under subsection (b), and the transcript of the sentencing hearing
indicates that the court accepted this recommendation, over Long's objection, and did not make a
section 2P1.2(b) enhancement.
We note that the court's substitution of the 3B1.3 enhancement for the 2P1.2(b) enhancement
appears to have been error, however, because the 2P1.2(b) enhancement is for a specific offense
characteristic and must be applied if the facts of the case warrant it. See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1(b).4 The
4
As we explain in part II.C, infra, the district court also erred in applying the enhancement
under § 3B1.3 for abuse of a position of trust.
4
plain terms of § 2P1.2(b) appear to apply squarely to this case, and we see no reason why the district
court should not apply that enhancement on remand.5
B.
Long also argues that the district court erred by applying the section 3B1.3 enhancement at
the wrong point in the calculation of Long's offense level. Long contends that, under section
2P1.2(c), all Chapter Three adjustments must be made to the offense level found by application of
the drug table in section 2D1.1 prior to the determination of whether that level exceeds the minimum
offense level of 26 provided for in section 2P1.2(c). Under Long's approach, his offense level would
be 2 (from section 2P1.2(c)) + 16 (from section 2D1.1(c)(12)) + 2 (for section 3B1.3 enhancement
for abuse of position of trust)—3 (for section 3E1.1 reduction for acceptance of responsibility) = 17.
Because this level is less than 26, Long's offense level would be 26.6 See U.S.S.G. § 2P1.2(c).
The Government counters that the court should make such Chapter Three adjustments only
after it determines whether the level from section 2D1.1 exceeds section 2P1.2(c)'s minimum level
of 26. Under the Government's approach, the district court applied the guidelines properly: 2 (from
section 2P1.2(c)) + 16 (from section 2D1.1(c)(12)) = 18. Because this is less than 26, then 26 is the
base offense level. The Chapter Three adjustments are then made to reach the final offense level:
26 + 2 (for section 3B1.3 enhancement)—3 (for section 3E1.1 reduction) = 25.
5
The fact that § 2P1.2(c) may be applicable to Long does not change this conclusion. See,
e.g., United States v. Cruz, 58 F.3d 550, 554 (10th Cir.1995) (observing that "[t]he increase of 2
levels under § 2P1.2(b) for being a correctional officer does not turn upon the type of prohibited
object involved," and that therefore the increase could be applied to a base offense level
determined under § 2P1.2(c)).
6
This offense level is actually higher than the level of 25 that the district court actually used.
If we agreed with Long's argument here but concluded that he did occupy a position of trust, he
would clearly be worse off than he was prior to his appeal. Long was sentenced to 57 months
imprisonment, which falls below the range of 63 to 78 months provided by the guidelines for a
defendant with an offense level 26 and criminal history category I. See U.S.S.G. ch. 5, Pt. A,
sentencing table.
Long's brief does not recognize this possibility; instead, it implicitly suggests that
the enhancement should be made prior to the comparison with 26, and that the reduction
should be made after the comparison; this approach would yield a level of 23. Long
presents no authority and no reason for this approach, and we therefore reject it.
5
In support of his argument, Long cites subsections (b)(1) and (d) of section 1B1.5, which
provide:
(b)(1) An instruction to use the offense level from another offense guideline refers to the offense
level from the entire offense guideline (i.e., the base offense level, specific offense
characteristics, cross references, and special instructions), except as specifically provided
[herein].
....
(d) A reference to another guideline under subsection (a) or (b)(1) above may direct that it be
applied only if it results in the greater offense level. In such case, the greater offense level
means the greater final offense level (i.e., the greater offense level taking into account both
the Chapter Two offense level and any applicable Chapter Three adjustments).
U.S.S.G. § 1B1.5 (1994). Long argues that these two subsections apply to section 2P1.2(c) and
direct the district court to make all Chapter Three adjustments before determining whether offense
level found in section 2D1.1 exceeds 26. The Government contends that the language regarding
"offense level" in section 2P1.2(c) should be read as "base offense level," and that the general
application instructions found in section 1B1.1 apply rather than those found in section 1B1.5. Under
this reading, the district court properly made Chapter Three adjustments to a base offense level of
26, after determining that 2 plus the base offense level from § 2D1.1, 16, is less than 26. We agree
with the Government.
Neither section 1B1.5(b)(1) nor section 1B1.5(d) support Long's reading of section 2P1.2.
First, section 1B1.5(b)(1) does not mention Chapter Three enhancements. The focus of that
subsection is on the Chapter Two elements which make up the offense level: "the base offense level,
specific offense characteristics, cross references, and special instructions." U.S.S.G. § 1B1.5(b)(1).
Thus, this subsection offers no support for Long's reading.
Similarly, section 1B1.5(d) does not dictate the result that Long urges. That subsection
applies, by its plain terms, only to cross references which direct that the referenced guideline shall
"be applied only if it results in the greater offense level." U.S.S.G. § 1B1.5(d). Once again, Long
misreads section 2P1.2(c). The cross-reference contained in section 2P1.2(c) is simply not the sort
of cross reference described in section 1B1.5(d). Subsection 2P1.2(c) sets a floor: it directs that the
6
offense level determined under section 2D1.1 is applied only where the offense level found in that
section, increased by two levels, yields a level of 26 or higher. See U.S.S.G. § 2P1.2(c).
In contrast, Section 2J1.2 provides an example of the type of cross-reference to which section
1B1.5(d) clearly applies. That section provides:
2J1.2. Obstruction of Justice
(a) Base Offense Level: 12
(b) Specific Offense Characteristics
(1) If the offense involved causing or threatening to cause physical injury to a person,
or property damage, in order to obstruct the administration of justice, increase by 8 levels.
(2) If the offense resulted in substantial interference with the administration of
justice, increase by 3 levels.
(c) Cross Reference
(1) If the offense involved obstructing the investigation or prosecution of a criminal
offense, apply § 2X3.1 (Accessory After the Fact) in respect to that criminal offense, if the
resulting offense level is greater than that determined above.
U.S.S.G. § 2J1.2 (emphasis added). As the emphasized language in section 2J1.2 indicates, the
cross-referenced guideline will apply only if it is greater than the level determined by application
of subsections 2J1.2(a) and (b).7 In short, subsection 1B1.5(d) simply does not apply to section
2P1.2.
This reading is not only supported by the terms of the guidelines, it is also the only reading
which makes any sense. Applying the instruction found in section 1B1.5(d) to section 2J1.2 is
appropriate. In a case where the cross reference may apply, the district court computes the final
offense level under (a) and (b) (including Chapter Three adjustments) and then computes the final
offense level under the referenced section, 2X3.1 (also including Chapter Three adjustments). See
U.S.S.G. § 2J1.2(c). Section 2J1.2(c) directs the court to compare these two results, and apply the
7
Section 2D1.12, cited in part II.A, supra, provides an additional example of a cross reference
to which subsection 1B1.5(d) applies.
7
greater level as the final offense level. The key point is that both levels are shaped by any applicable
Chapter Three adjustments.
Applying section 1B1.5(d) to section 2P1.2 as Long argues would result in a sentence that
does not take Chapter Three adjustments into account in a large number of cases. Under Long's
approach, the final offense level (including Chapter Three adjustments) is computed under section
2P1.2. This level is the defendant's final offense level only if it exceeds 26; if not, the final offense
level is 26. Thus, in a large number of these cases, the final offense level will be 26, regardless of
the applicable Chapter Three adjustments.
A brief examination of the consequences of Long's interpretation convinces us that our
reading is correct. Imagine two defendants, X and Y. X seeks to sell cocaine inside a federal prison.
He arranges to purchase cocaine outside the prison and has made contact with several inmates who
will sell the cocaine for him inside the prison. He approaches Y about carrying the cocaine into the
prison. Y is caught attempting to enter the prison with 85 grams of cocaine and X and Y are
arrested. Y immediately confesses his role, pleads guilty, and provides assistance to law
enforcement personnel. X refuses to cooperate with law enforcement personnel and testifies falsely
at his trial.
In this hypothetical case, Y has a strong argument that he is entitled to two Chapter Three
reductions: three levels under section 3E1.1 for acceptance of responsibility and two levels under
section 3B1.2(b) for being a minor participant. Under Long's reading, Y's offense level under
section 2P1.2 would be 2 (from section 2P1.2(c)) + 16 (from section 2D1.1(c)(12))—3 (for section
3E1.1 reduction)—2 (for section 3B1.2(b) reduction) = 13. On the other hand, two Chapter Three
enhancements arguably apply to X: four levels under section 3B1.1(a) for being an organizer or
leader of the criminal activity, and two levels under section 3C1.1 for obstructing the administration
of justice. His offense level under Long's interpretation is therefore 2 (from section 2P1.2(c)) + 16
(from section 2D1.1(c)(12)) + 4 (for section 3B1.1(a) enhancement) + 2 (for section 3C1.1
enhancement) = 24. In each case, the minimum offense level under section 2P1.2(c) would operate,
8
and each defendant would have a final offense level of 26. Chapter Three adjustments are designed
to avoid precisely this result: virtually the same treatment for two defendants whose culpability and
remorse differ markedly. See generally United States v. Werlinger, 894 F.2d 1015, 1018 (8th
Cir.1990) ("The Sentencing Commission clearly intended the adjustments under Chapter Three of
the Guidelines to take into account circumstances that, for sentencing purposes, aggravate or
mitigate the seriousness of the offenses categorized in Chapter Two.") There is no indication that
section 2P1.2(c) intends this result.
C.
Long makes a final argument on this first issue: that section 3B1.3 does not apply to him
because he did not abuse a position of trust. The two level enhancement under section 3B1.3 applies
to Long only if he (1) occupied a position of trust, and (2) this position of trust significantly
facilitated the commission or concealment of his offense. See United States v. Kummer, 89 F.3d
1536, 1547 (11th Cir.1996). Long contends that the government here has not shown the first
element; he acknowledges that the Bureau of Prisons "trusted" him in the colloquial sense but
argues that he did not occupy a "position of trust" as that term is defined by § 3B1.1. The
Government counters that Long occupied a position of trust because prison officials did not search
Long when he entered the prison; when Long attempted to bring drugs into the prison, he abused
this position of trust.
We hold that Long did not occupy a "position of trust" as section 3B1.3 defines that term.
The Government's reading would extend to virtually every employment situation because employers
"trust" their employees. The application note to section 3B1.3 clearly indicates that the guideline
does not intend coverage this broad:
"Public or private trust" refers to a position of public or private trust characterized by
professional or managerial discretion (i.e., substantial discretionary judgment that is
ordinarily given considerable deference). Persons holding such positions ordinarily are
subject to significantly less supervision than employees whose responsibilities are primarily
non-discretionary in nature.... This adjustment, for example, would apply in the case of an
embezzlement of a client's funds by an attorney serving as a guardian, a bank executive's
fraudulent loan scheme, or the criminal sexual abuse of a patient by a physician under the
guise of an examination. This adjustment would not apply in the case of an embezzlement
9
or theft by an ordinary bank teller or hotel clerk because such positions are not characterized
by the above-described factors.
U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3, comment. (n.1) (emphasis added). See also United States v. West, 56 F.3d 216,
220 (D.C.Cir.1995) (noting that "the commentary's focus on positions characterized by professional
or managerial discretion places a significant limit on the types of positions subject to the
abuse-of-trust enhancement").
To the extent that Long had any discretion in carrying out his duties as a food service
foreman, the Government has failed to demonstrate that Long exercised that discretion to bring
cocaine into the prison. Instead, the Government points to the fact that, as an employee of the
prison, Long could enter the prison without being searched. The prison extended this same level
of trust to all prison employees. The Government argues, therefore, that an enhancement for an
abuse of a position of trust would apply to any Bureau of Prisons employee who brought cocaine
into the prison. The application note cited above indicates that section 3B1.3 simply does not extend
to every employment situation. Accordingly, we hold that the district court erred in applying a
two-level increase under section 3B1.3 to Long's offense level.
III.
Long contends that the district court erred in imposing a $2,000 fine without making explicit
findings as to his ability to pay a fine. Long claims that he is indigent and lacks the ability to pay
a fine. As evidence for this, Long points to the fact that court-appointed counsel represented him
at trial,8 that he must pay $700 per month in child support, and that, given his felony conviction, he
is unlikely to be able to return to his pre-conviction earning capacity.9
8
Although we acknowledge that the representation of Long by appointed counsel may
indicate his inability to pay, see U.S.S.G. § 5E1.2, comment. (n.3), that fact is not determinative.
9
With regard to his earning capacity, Long acknowledges that he made over $40,000 per year
working at the prison. He argues, however, that his felony conviction in this case will render
him unable to obtain a job earning a similar wage in the future. He therefore suggests that the
court should have considered his income prior to working at the prison as the relevant one for
purposes of determining his ability to pay. The PSR indicates his income prior to working at the
prison was approximately $17,000.
10
We affirm the district court's imposition of a fine of $2,000 in this case. We review a fine
set by the district court for clear error. United States v. Lombardo, 35 F.3d 526, 527 (11th Cir.1994).
Section 5E1.2(a) provides that "[t]he court shall impose a fine in all cases, except where the
defendant establishes that he is unable to pay and is not likely to become able to pay." Given Long's
offense level of 25, the guidelines required the district court to impose a fine of between $10,000
and $100,000, see U.S.S.G. § 5E1.2(c)(3), unless it determined, inter alia, that he could not pay, and
would not likely become able to pay, a fine within that range. See U.S.S.G. § 5E1.2(f). The
guidelines provide a list of seven factors that the court must consider when setting a fine. See
U.S.S.G. § 5E1.2(d)10; see also Lombardo, 35 F.3d at 528-529.
While the district court did not make explicit findings of fact on the record regarding Long's
ability to pay, the record clearly indicates that the district court considered Long's current financial
situation and future prospects. See id. at 530 (holding that where "the record contains sufficient
10
Section 5E1.2(d) provides:
In determining the amount of the fine, the court shall consider:
(1) the need for the combined sentence to reflect the seriousness of the offense ...,
to promote respect for the law, to provide just punishment and to afford adequate
deterrence;
(2) any evidence presented as to the defendant's ability to pay the fine (including
ability to pay over a period of time) in light of his earning capacity and financial
resources;
(3) the burden that the fine places on the defendant and his dependents relative to
alternative punishments;
(4) any restitution or reparation that the defendant has made or is obligated to
make;
(5) any collateral consequences of conviction, including civil obligations arising
from the defendant's conduct'
(6) whether the defendant previously has been fined for a similar offense; and
(7) any other pertinent equitable considerations.
U.S.S.G. § 5E1.2(d) (emphasis added).
11
information with respect to the seven factors [listed in section 5E1.2(d) ] to permit us to find that
the district court did not clearly err in imposing or in setting the amount of the fine, ... we will not
reverse merely because the district court failed to make specific findings on each of the seven
factors"). The issue of Long's ability to pay a fine was raised in Long's objections to the PSR and
at the sentencing hearing. The district court departed downward from the guidelines range of
$10,000 to $100,000 in order to impose a $2,000 fine. Moreover, the court provided that Long could
pay the fine on the terms ordered by the probation office while Long serves his term of supervised
release. Over the course of Long's three years of supervised release, he would have to pay less than
$56 per month (plus interest) to pay the $2,000 fine. We cannot conclude that the district court was
clearly erroneous in imposing this fine on Long.
IV.
In conclusion, we hold that the district court erred in increasing Long's offense level under
section 3B1.3; thus, we VACATE the part of Long's sentence calling for a term of imprisonment
and REMAND the case for further proceedings. We find no error in the fine the district court
imposed, and therefore AFFIRM that portion of the case.
AFFIRMED, in part; VACATED, in part, and REMANDED.
12