dissenting:
I regret exceedingly my inability to concur with my brothers in the view that they have taken of this case, and differing from them so radically as I do, I deem it proper to state the grounds upon which my judgment is founded..
This case has been transferred to this Court from the General Term of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia where it was pending on writ of error to the Police Court of the District. The plaintiff, in error was tried and *12convicted in the Police Court of the alleged offense of violating the present license law of the District, in keeping a har-room and selling therein intoxicating liquors, without license obtained therefor, contrary to the provisions of the recent act of Congress, approved March 3, 1893, entitled “An act regulating the sale of intoxicating liquors in the District of Columbia.”
It is conceded that the act took effect and went into operation from the date of its passage, that is, the 3d day of March, 1893. It does not profess to be amendatory of or supplementary to any previous or then existing legislation upon the subject of its provisions, but it professes to be, as it doubtless is, an act to regulate fully and completely the subject of the sale of intoxicating liquors in this District, and that without any reference to pre-existing law. It declares a severe penal system of police upon the subject, coupled with an object of revenue; whereas the pre-existing law upon the subject, as enacted by the late Legislative Assembly of the District, August 23, 1871, was, as construed by the Supreme Court of the District, a mere revenue law.
This act of Congress makes no express saving or reservation with regard to pre-existing licenses, nor for crediting any part of the amount paid therefor on the amount required to be paid for licenses under the new law. It is conceded, indeed it could not be denied, that the licenses in existence at the time the act of Congress went into effect, were not contracts as between the holders thereof and the municipal government of the District. They were, in legal contemplation, mere permits, subject at all times to revocation by legislative authority competent to prescribe rules of police, and as the Congress of the United States reserves full and unlimited legislative power, both of a political and of a municipal nature, over this District, there can be no question of its power to regulate or entirely prohibit the sale of intoxicating liquors within the District, and to revoke all licenses previously granted. For, as declared by the Supreme Court of the United States in Crowley v. Christensen, *13137 U. S., 86, “ The police power of the State is fully competent to regulate the business, to mitigate ilg sale or to suppress it entirely. There is no inherent right in a citizen to sell intoxicating liquors by retail; it is not a privilege of a citizen of the State or of a citizen of the United States. As it is a business attended with danger to the community, it may, as already said, be entirely prohibited, or be permitted under such conditions as will limit to the utmost its evils. The manner and extent of regulation rest in the discretion of the governing authority. That authority may vest in such officers as it may deem proper the power of passing upon applications for permission to carry it on, and to give licenses for that purpose. It is a matter of legislative will only”; therefore, all persons obtaining licenses under such legislative power must take them subject to be revoked, whenever the legislature may deem it proper to do so.
The single question raised upon the bills of exception taken by the plaintiff in error at the trial below is, whether the act of Congress has, by fair and rational construction, entirely repealed and superseded all prior legislation upon the subject of the grant of licenses for the sale of liquor in the District, and thereby nullified all pre-existing licenses, and made it necessary for parties holding such licenses to apply for and obtain new licenses under the new law; or whether such licenses can, by fair construction, be allowed to run and afford protection to the parties holding them, until the end of the current year for which they were granted.
On behalf of the plaintiff in error it has been ingeniously argued that the laws relating to the liquor traffic in the District, and regulations thereunder, in force prior to, and at the date of the passage of the act of Congress, under consideration, are not repealed by the act of Congress; but that the old laws and regulations in force at the date when the act of Congress came into effect, and the act of Congress are to be considered in pari materia, and the intent of Congress is to be gathered from the whole taken together.
To refute this contention and to make it plain that the two license systems cannot co-exist or stand together, even for a *14limited time, it is only necessary to examine and compare the provisions of the act of Congress with those of the prior law. And it is proper, first, to refer to the provisions of the prior law.
The act of the' Legislative Assembly of this District, approved August 23, 1871, provided that no person should be engaged in any trade, business or profession therein mentioned, until he obtained a license, and that every person liable for license tax, who, failing to pay the same within thirty days after the same became due, for such neglect should, in addition to the license tax imposed, pay a fine or penalty of not less than five nor more than fifty dollars, and a like fine or penalty for every subsequent offense. It was further provided that every place where liquors were sold in quantities less than a pint to be drank on the premises, should be known as a bar-room, sample room or tippling house; and the license tax or fee for such place was $100 annually, and the proprietors of beer gardens were required to pay a license tax of five dollars per day, and all dealers in distilled and fermented liquors, wines and cordials, other than the keepers of bar-rooms, sample rooms and tippling houses, were required to pay annually ten dollars for each thousand dollars of capital invested, but that no license should be for a less sum than twenty-five dollars. And all annual licenses were required to date from the 1st of November of each year, and expire on the 31st of October following; and the license of every person liable for license tax after the 1st of April, July, and November, respectively, was required to date from the 1st of the month in which the liability began, and payment to be made for a proportionate amount.
These were the principal provisions of the license laws of the District applicable to the sale of liquor, that were in force when the act of Congress of the 3d of March, 1893, went into effect; and it was under these provisions of the prior law that the plaintiff in error obtained his license to keep a bar-room on the 23d day of December, 1892, to expire on the 31st day of October, following.
*15The act of Congress of the 3d of March, 1893, contains twenty-one sections; and, asT have said, it professes to provide for the full and complete regulation of the entire liquor traffic in the District of Columbia, and makes no provision whatever for continuing in force existing or unexpired licenses.
In section 1, it is declared that no person shall' sell, offer for sale, or keep for sale, or traffic in, barter or exchange for goods, in the District of Columbia, any intoxicating liquor, except as hereinafter provided.
Section 2 constitutes the three Commissioners of the District a board of excise, whose duty it shall be to pass upon all applications for licenses to sell intoxicating liquors, and whose action thereon shall be final and conclusive', and such board is clothed with power to make such rules and regulations for carrying into effect the act as they may deem requisite and proper.
Section 4 prescribes the mode and manner of making the application for the license, the facts essential to entitle the applicant to obtain the license, and the manner of verification of such facts.
And by section 5, every applicant for license to keep a barroom within the definition of the act, is required to obtain and present with his application the written permission of a majority of persons owning real estate, and a majority of residents keeping house in the immediate vicinity of the location of such bar-room.
And by section 6, it is provided "that under the license issued in accordance with this act no intoxicating liquors shall be sold, given or in any way disposed of to any minor or intoxicated person, or to an habitual drunkard, nor to any person who is in the habit of becoming intoxicated, if such person’s.wife, mother or daughter shall, in writing, request that the saloon keeper shall not sell to such person above the age of sixteen years, or between twelve o’clock midnight and four o’clock in the morning, during which last-named hours and on Sundays, every bar-room and other place *16where intoxicating liquors are sold shall be kept closed, and no intoxicating liquor sold.”
Section 7 provides that no license shall be issued for a longer period than one year; and—
Section 8 declares that all licenses authorized by the act shall be of two classes, wholesale liquor licenses, and barroom licenses. The fee for a wholesale license shall be $250 per annum, and for a bar-room license the fee shall be $400 per annum.
And by section 9, every person receiving a license to sell under this act shall frame it and keep it exposed under glass in some conspicuous place in the room where the liquor is sold.
Section 12 prescribes penalties and declares that any person doing business or selling liquor “ without first having obtained a license to do so, as herein provided, or any person who shall engage in such sale in any portion of the District where the sale thereof is prohibited, upon conviction thereof shall be fined not less than $250 nor more than $800, or be imprisoned in the jail or workhouse for not less than two months nor more than six months; and upon every subsequent conviction, in addition to the pecuniary penalties just mentioned, the party shall be imprisoned in the workhouse for not less than three nor more than twelve months.
And by section 13 it is provided, that any person having obtained a license under this act, who shall violate any of its provisions, shall upon conviction thereof be fined not less than $50 nor more than $200, and upon every subsequent conviction of like offense, during the running of the license, shall be fined a like amount, and, in addition to such fine, shall pay a sum equal to 25 per cent, of the amount of fine imposed for the offense immediately preceding, and have his license revoked, and on non-payment shall be imprisoned.
Section 14 prescribes the punishment of those convicted of aiding and abetting the violation of the provisions of the act.
And section 17 declares that all applicants who have had licenses during the preceding year shall apply for a renewal *17of such license on or before November 1st of each license year, and shall be permitted to continue business until license shall be granted or refused by the excise board; but in all cases of refusal to grant license such proportion of the license fee as may have become due shall be deducted and retained from the sum deposited therefor as the time from the 1st of November to the date of such refusal bears to the entire license year.
These several provisions of the act of Congress, if there were no more explicit provision or declaration to be found in the act upon the subject of the repeal of prior legislation, are sufficient to make it clear beyond doubt that all preexisting legislation authorizing the grant of licenses for the sale of intoxicating- liquors in the District was entirely supplanted and by necessary implication repealed. The act of Congress devises and provides for the enforcement of a complete system of liquor licenses in no manner dependent upon the provisions of any prior system. No prior legislation authorizing the grant of licenses can stand or co-exist with the act of Congress, the latter act being exclusive. Two entirely different systems founded in different policies, and where the licenses are granted upon different terms and conditions, and the entire system enforced under different sanctions, cannot, in the nature of things, be executed together. As we have seen, the terms and conditions upon which licenses are authorized by the act of Congress to be granted, the agency authorized to act upon applications for and to grant or refuse licenses, the fee for the licenses, the fines and penalties prescribed for violation of the law, and the restrictions upon the use of the license, are all essentially and most radically different from the regulations prescribed by the pre-existing law.
It is urged, however, that the 17th section of the act of Congress recognizes the continued existence of the licenses granted under the prior law, and that by implication, such licenses should be maintained for the full period for which they were granted. But it is plain, to my mind, at least, the *18provisions of that section apply only to the licenses granted under the act of Congress, and not to those granted under the prior law. As matter both of convenience and necessity, the license must have a terminal point in time, and that point was fixed in the act of Congress in accordance with what had been the terminal point of time in the previous law; but with no purpose of adopting the prior licenses issued under that law. The right of renewal excludes the idea that it is of a license issued under the former system, such license being quite a different thing from that issued under the act of Congress, and therefore it cannot be supposed that such license was intended to be made anew, and to have new life imparted to it under the new law. The whole scheme and policy of the new law is entirely inconsistent with any such construction; indeed, it is only necessary to read the 17th section in connection with the 8th section of the act to be convinced of the unsoundness of the contention of the plaintiff in error upon this point. Moreover, it is very clear that the penalties and punishments prescribed for the violation of the provisions of the act of Congress, could not be applied and enforced for the violation of the provisions of the pre-existing law, wholly different in its provision and policy, and upon the concession that the act of Congress takes effect from the date of its approval, the consequence would be, upon the theory of the continuance of the former license, that there could be no punishment for any, even the grossest, violations of the license system by a party acting under such former license. This certainly was never intended.
It has also been urged in argument for the plaintiff in error that, upon the theory of this prosecution, there could be no licenses issued for the sale of liquor in the District before the 1st day of November next, and that consequently the entire business of the liquor traffic in the District would be suspended until that time. But that is not correct. It is true, with the repeal of the prior license law, all the licenses issued under that law would necessarily cease to exist, and would no longer protect the holders; but the act of Congress *19contemplates the issue of licenses at any time from the date of its passage to terminate with the succeeding 31st of October. The whole matter can be and has been duly regulated by rules and regulations adopted by the board of excise commissioners, who are authorized by the second section of the act to make such rules and regulations, and under those regulations parties may obtain licenses at any time upon compliance with the law and satisfying the commissioners that the license ought to be issued.
In what has been said, the object has been to show clearly and distinctly that all of the provisions of the prior law authorizing the granting of licenses to sell liquor in this District have been repealed by necessary implication in the passage of the act of Congress of the 3d of March, 1893; that the provisions of the two systems are wholly incongruous and cannot stand together, and that there is nothing to justify the contention by the plaintiff in error that a license granted under the former or pre-existing license system can be maintained and allowed protective force under the present license system as' declared by the act of Congress.
But Congress, as if to remove all possible ground for question or doubt upon the subject, by the 21st section of the act, has expressly declared “ that this act shall be in lieu of and as a substitute for all existing laws and regulations in the District of Columbia, in relation to the sale of distilled and fermented liquors in the said District, and that all laws or parts of laws inconsistent with this act, except such laws as are applicable to the sale of liquor within one mile of the Soldiers’ Home, be, and they are hereby, repealed!'
Terms more comprehensive and unequivocal in meaning could not have been employed to declare the purpose of Congress to repeal all former laws authorizing the issuing of licenses to sell liquor in the District, and with such repeal, as the necessary consequence, to revoke all unexpired licenses issued thereunder; and it is not for this court to restrict the plain meaning of the language of the statute, or to attempt to avoid the force of it, to relieve what would appear to be a *20hardship or injustice to individuals; for whatever injustice or hardship may be inflicted by the legislation in question, redress must be sought of the proper power to grant relief. This court has no power over the subject. We must take the law as we find it written, and give it effect according to the plain language employed, and to do that in this case leaves no alternative, according to my judgment, but to affirm the judgment of the Police Court.