delivered the opinion of the Court:
This is an appeal from a decision of the Commissioner of Patents wherein he refuses to issue letters patent to the appellants, Joshua H. Millett and Samuel C. Eeed.
*187The alleged invention is stated in seven several issues, not substantially different from each other, and which it is not necessary to consider separately. They are the following:
“ 1. In a steam-gage, the Bourdon tube and the part to which it is secured, the joint between the two being unsoldered and held solely hy frictional contact, as explained.
“ 2. In a steam-gage, the Bourdon tube and the part to which it is secured, the joint between the two being unsoldered and held hy frictional contact, as explained.
“ 8. In a steam-gage, the Bourdon tube and the part to which it is secured, the joint between the two being unsoldered and held hy a frictional binding screw-joint connection, as explained.
“ 4. In a steam-gage, the Bourdon tube and the part to which it is secured, the joint between the two being unsoldered and tapering, as explained.
“5. In a steam-gage, the Bourdon tube, D, having the threaded tapered end, d, in combination with the head, C, having the correspondingly-threaded tapered opening, c, as explained.
“ 6. A Bourdon tube, having a reduced elastic portion and enlarged or reinforced threaded ends, in combination with a gage-case having threaded portions which engage the threaded ends of the tube.
“ 7. The Bourdon tube, D, having the reduced elastic body portion, d, and the enlarged or reinforced end portions, in combination with the gage-case having correspondingly-threaded portions.”
As stated by the appellants in their application, the alleged “ invention relates to an improvement in Bourdon-tube springs employed in steam or pressure gages, more especially to the means of connecting tbe ends of these tubes within a gage.”
It seems to consist substantially in dispensing with the soldering of tin, lead, or other fusible material previously used for the connection with the joints, causing the joint to taper, and screwing it more tightly.
*188Tbe application, was filed on. February ll, 1900. It was rejected by the primary examiner in an elaborate opinion on reference to a patent issued to one Frederick Lane on February 20, 1900, three days after tbe filing of tbe application of tbe appellants, but wbicb patent bad been applied for by Lane upwards of two years before. It was contended by tbe appellants that tbeir application should not be rejected by reference to a patent issued after tbe filing of tbeir application, in wbicb tbeir alleged invention, if shown at all, was not claimed, and only appeared in tbe drawing annexed to tbe patent; and further that this drawing did not show tbe invention of tbe appellants. This contention tbe primary examiner did not sustain; and bis ruling was affirmed on appeal both by tbe board of examiners-in-chief and tbe Commissioner of Patents. And from tbe decision of tbe Commissioner tbe case has been brought to this court by appeal.
With inference to tbe first branch of the contention of tbe appellants, we are satisfied that tbe tribunals of tbe Patent Office were entirely right in tbe conclusion reached by them. ' If tbe drawings annexed to tbe Lane patent fully and satisfactorily show tbe device claimed by tbe appellants, and if these drawings were the same that were filed, with Lane’s application in tbe first instance — and we must assume that they were tbe same until tbe contrary is made to appear —- it is very plain that they show anticipation of tbe invention of tbe appellants. It is of no consequence that Lane does not include this device among the claims of bis own invention. His failure so to do simply implies either that be abandoned it to tbe public, or that be regarded it as already well known to tbe art. It does not help tbe appellants in any manner that be does not claim it.
It is not tbe fact that a patent was issued to Lane upon bis application wbicb constitutes anticipation in this case. Although that patent was issued in so short a time after tbe application of tbe appellants that, in view of tbe usual and necessary course of business in tbe Patent Office, we might fairly assume that the facts which justified its issue bad *189been satisfactorily shown long before the advent of the appellants to the Office, yet the patent of itself would not be sufficient to- show anticipation by Lane of the device of the appellants. But the fact which shows such anticipation is the state of the art at the time as evidenced by the drawings and specifications of Lane’s application. For it is the condition of the art at the time at which an alleged invention is made, and not the existence of a patent, which in this connection is no more than evidence of the state of the art, which determines whether an invention claimed is actually ,an invention or not under the patent law. And this state of the art may be shown by a printed boot, a- periodical publication, a newspaper, anything in fact which can be regarded in law as reasonably sufficient proof of the fact. This we understand to be the rule deduced from reason and the authorities. See Wright v. Yuengling, 155 U. S. 47; 69 O. G. 639.
This proposition is not seriously, if at all, controverted by the appellants. Indeed, they seem to admit its correctness. Their argument is, that, while a drawing alone, if sufficiently plain and cléar, may be sufficient to show an anticipation of the invention, yet the drawing in Lane’s patent is not sufficient- for that purpose. And this proposition, in view of the previous admission, necessarily means that the Lane drawing is not sufficiently plain and clear to show the invention in question. It is further conceded, however — at all events, it is not denied — that the joints of the Lane drawing have the tapering form which constitutes an element in the invention of the appellants; and so, in the ultimate analysis, the question of anticipation is narrowed down to the inquiry whether in the device shown by the Lane drawing the connection of the joints was effected by soldering or without soldering. The contention of the appellants is that, inasmuch as .soldering had been generally used to connect the joints of the devices in previous use, therefore it is to be presumed or assumed that the Lane device also had soldering, notwithstanding that soldering was entirely unnecessary to it. But the specifications of the *190Lane patent are wholly silent as to soldering; and inasmuch as such soldering was wholly unnecessary to its successful operation, it is not apparent to us- why we should assume that to exist which had no reason to exist. If there was in fact a soldering in the device mentioned or shown in the Lane patent, and such soldering rendered that device essentially different from the invention of the appellants, it ought not to have been difficult to adduce some evidence of the fact. Whether, if shown, the fact of soldering would have differentiated the two devices, it is unnecessary for us to determine. The Commissioner of Patents was of the opinion that it would not have that effect.
The Commissioner of Patents has also remarked that the appellants have not availed themselves of the opportunity afforded to them by the rules of the Patent Office to show priority of invention in themselves by filing an affidavit to carry back their date of invention beyond the date of the filing of the Lane application. From their failure so to do it is just to assume that their invention did not antedate the date of the Lane application.
We see no reason to doubt the correctness of the conclusion reached by the tribunals of the Patent Office; and we are of opinion that the decision of the Commissioner of Patents should be affirmed.
The cleric of the court will certify this opinion, and the proceedings in the cause in this court to the Commissioner of Patents according to law. And it is so ordered.